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docs/phonemes.md: expand out the places of articulation to cover more cases.

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Reece H. Dunn
2017-01-22 17:56:25 +00:00
parent 85fc46dfbc
commit 44152c0574
1 changed files with 26 additions and 22 deletions
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@@ -529,22 +529,29 @@ The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
possible places of articulation are:
| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Passive |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` |
| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` |
| alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | `prx` |
| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | `gts` |
| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Other |
|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | |
| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` |
| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` |
| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` |
The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and
to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and
@@ -556,6 +563,9 @@ The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used
The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant.
The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is
`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed.
__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.
@@ -690,12 +700,6 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead.
#### Articulation
| Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name |
|---------|-------------|-----|-----------------|
| `apc` | | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | | ◌̻ | laminal |
| `lgl` | | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
The following IPA diacritics are only used by eSpeak NG to fill out positions
in the IPA consonant and vowel charts. As such those phonemes are transcribed
according to the features at that position, not using the features at the