diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index d75cb946..4bee301b 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -529,22 +529,29 @@ The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and one or more passive articulators\[9\]. The possible places of articulation are: -| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Passive | -|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------| -| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | -| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | -| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | -| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | -| alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | | `alf` | -| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | `alb` | -| retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | | `hpl` | -| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | `alb` | -| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | `hpl` | -| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | `spl` | -| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | `spl` | -| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | `uvu` | -| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | `prx` | -| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | `gts` | +| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Other | +|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------| +| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | +| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | | +| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | | +| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | | +| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | | +| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | | +| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` | +| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` | +| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` | +| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` | +| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` | +| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` | +| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` | +| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` | +| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` | +| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` | +| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` | +| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` | +| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` | +| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` | +| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` | The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and @@ -556,6 +563,9 @@ The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant. +The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is +`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed. + __NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. @@ -690,12 +700,6 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. #### Articulation -| Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | -|---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| -| `apc` | | ◌̺ | apical | -| `lmn` | | ◌̻ | laminal | -| `lgl` | | ◌̼ | linguolabial | - The following IPA diacritics are only used by eSpeak NG to fill out positions in the IPA consonant and vowel charts. As such those phonemes are transcribed according to the features at that position, not using the features at the