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# International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes
- [Consonants](#consonants)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Articulation](#articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
- [Syllabicity](#syllabicity)
- [Consonant Release](#consonant-release)
- [Co-articulation](#co-articulation)
- [Tongue Root](#tongue-root)
- [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis)
- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
- [Length](#length)
- [References](#references)
----------
This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription
scheme using [phoneme features](../phonemes.md) based on those described by
Evan Kirshenbaum <sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\], \[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup>.
## Consonants
| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| `sib`&#xA0;`afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `sib`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| `lat`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | |
| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | |
| `ejc`&#xA0;`frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | |
| `lat`&#xA0;`ejc`&#xA0;`frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Other Symbols
| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | |
|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | |
| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | |
| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | |
| `vzd`&#xA0;`frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | |
| `ptr`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w |
| `fzd`&#xA0;`lat`&#xA0;`apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | |
### Manner of Articulation
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|-----------|--------|----------------|
| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive |
## Vowels
| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | |
|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` |
| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u |
| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ |
| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o |
| `mid` | | | ə | | | |
| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ |
| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | |
| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ |
__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this
distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the
above table.
### Other Symbols
| Symbol | Features |
|--------|-------------------------------|
| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
## Diacritics
### Articulation
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
| | ◌̪ | dental |
| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
| | ◌̟ | advanced |
| | ◌̠ | retracted |
| | ◌̈ | centralized |
| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized |
| | ◌̝ | raised |
| | ◌̞ | lowered |
The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded
using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not
using the features of the base phoneme.
### Air Flow
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |
The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref5">5</a>\]</sup>.
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).
### Phonation
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |
The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.
### Rounding and Labialization
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|------------|
| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded |
| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed |
The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following
features:
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------------|
| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded |
| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded |
### Syllabicity
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic |
| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic |
### Consonant Release
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|---------------------------------|
| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated |
| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release |
| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release |
| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) |
### Co-articulation
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|----------------|
| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized |
| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized |
| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |
| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized |
| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized |
### Tongue Root
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------------|
| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root |
| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root |
### Fortis and Lenis
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|--------|
| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis |
| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis |
## Suprasegmentals
### Length
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short |
| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long |
| `lng` | ◌ː | long |
| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long |
## References
1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993.
2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001.
3. <a name="ref3"></a> International Phonetic Association,
[The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
4. <a name="ref4"></a> Wikipedia.
[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
5. <a name="ref5"></a> Wikipedia.
[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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