# International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes - [Consonants](#consonants) - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - [Vowels](#vowels) - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) - [Diacritics](#diacritics) - [Articulation](#articulation) - [Air Flow](#air-flow) - [Phonation](#phonation) - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) - [Tongue Root](#tongue-root) - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) - [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) - [Length](#length) - [References](#references) ---------- This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription scheme using [phoneme features](../phonemes.md) based on those described by Evan Kirshenbaum \[1\], \[2\]. ## Consonants | | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | |-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| | | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | | `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | | | `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | | | `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | | `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | | | `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | | | `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | | `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ | | `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | | | `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | | | `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | | | `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | | | `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | | | `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | | | `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | | | `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | | | `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | | | `ejc` `frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | | | `lat` `ejc` `frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Other Symbols | | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | |-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| | | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | | `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | | | `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | | | `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | | | `vzd` `frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | | | `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w | | `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | | ### Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Name | |-----------|--------|----------------| | `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive | ## Vowels | | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | |--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| | | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | | `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u | | `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ | | `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o | | `mid` | | | ə | | | | | `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ | | `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | | | `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ | __NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the above table. ### Other Symbols | Symbol | Features | |--------|-------------------------------| | ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | ## Diacritics ### Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------| | `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental | | | ◌̪ | dental | | `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | | `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | | | ◌̟ | advanced | | | ◌̠ | retracted | | | ◌̈ | centralized | | | ◌̽ | mid-centralized | | | ◌̝ | raised | | | ◌̞ | lowered | The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not using the features of the base phoneme. ### Air Flow | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|------------| | `egs` | ↑ | egressive | | `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA\[5\]. They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). ### Phonation | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------| | `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | | `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | | `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | | `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | | `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. ### Rounding and Labialization | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|------------| | `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | | `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following features: | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|--------------| | `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | | `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | ### Syllabicity | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------| | `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic | | `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic | ### Consonant Release | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|---------------------------------| | `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated | | `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release | | `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | | `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | ### Co-articulation | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|----------------| | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | ### Tongue Root | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------------| | `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | | `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | ### Fortis and Lenis | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|--------| | `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis | | `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis | ## Suprasegmentals ### Length | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------| | `est` | ◌̆ | extra short | | `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long | | `lng` | ◌ː | long | | `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long | ## References 1. Kirshenbaum, Evan, [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993. 2. Kirshenbaum, Evan, [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001. 3. International Phonetic Association, [The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). 4. Wikipedia. [International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). 5. Wikipedia. [Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).