espeak-ng/docs/phonemes/fonipa.md

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes

• Consonants
  • Other Symbols
• Vowels
  • Other Symbols
• Diacritics
  • Articulation
  • Air Flow
  • Phonation
  • Rounding and Labialization
  • Syllabicity
  • Consonant Release
  • Co-articulation
  • Tongue Root
  • Fortis and Lenis
• Suprasegmentals
  • Length
• References

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This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription scheme using phoneme features based on those described by Evan Kirshenbaum ^{[1], [2]}.

Consonants

	blb		lbd		dnt		alv		pla		rfx		alp		pal		vel		uvl		phr		glt
	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd
nas	m̥	m		ɱ			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̟̊	ɲ̟	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
stp	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ			c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
sib afr							t͡s	d͡z	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʈ͡ʂ	ɖ͡ʐ	t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
afr	p͡ɸ	b͡β	p̪͡f	b̪͡v	t͡θ	d͡ð									c͡ç	ɟ͡ʝ	k͡x	ɡ͡ɣ	q͡χ	ɢ͡ʁ	ʡ͡ħ	ʡ͡ʕ	ʔ͡h
lat afr							t͡ɬ	d͡ɮ			ʈ͡ɭ̊˔				c͡ʎ̥˔		k͡ʟ̝̊	ɡ͡ʟ̝
sib frc							s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
frc	ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð									ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
lat frc							ɬ	ɮ			ɭ̊˔				ʎ̥˔	ʎ̝	ʟ̝̊	ʟ̝
apr			ʋ̥	ʋ			ɹ̥	ɹ			ɻ̊	ɻ			j̊	j	ɰ̊	ɰ
lat apr							l̥	l			ɭ̊	ɭ			ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
flp		ⱱ̟		ⱱ			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ								ɢ̆		ʡ̮
lat flp								ɺ				ɭ̆				ʎ̮		ʟ̆
trl		ʙ					r̥	r			ɽ͡r̥	ɽ͡r							ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
clk	ʘ				ǀ		ǃ						ǂ
lat clk							ǁ
imp		ɓ						ɗ								ʄ		ɠ		ʛ
ejc							tʼ				ʈʼ				cʼ		kʼ		qʼ		ʡʼ
ejc frc	pʼ				θʼ		sʼ		ʃʼ		ʂʼ						xʼ		χʼ
lat ejc frc	fʼ						ɬʼ

Other Symbols

	bld		alv		pla		pal		lbv		vel
	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd	vls	vcd
nas										ŋ͡m
stp									k͡p	ɡ͡b
afr	p͡f	b͡v
vzd frc					ɧ
ptr apr								ɥ			ʍ	w
fzd lat apr				ɫ

Manner of Articulation

Feature	Symbol	Name
imp	◌ʼ	implosive

Vowels

	fnt		cnt		bck
	unr	rnd	unr	rnd	unr	rnd
hgh	i	y	ɨ	ʉ	ɯ	u
smh	ɪ	ʏ				ʊ
umd	e	ø	ɘ	ɵ	ɤ	o
mid			ə
lmd	ɛ	œ	ɜ	ɞ	ʌ	ɔ
sml	æ		ɐ
low	a	ɶ			ɑ	ɒ

NOTE: The smh vowels are more cnt than the other vowels. However, this distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the above table.

Other Symbols

Symbol	Features
ɚ	unr mid cnt rzd vwl
ɝ	unr lmd cnt rzd vwl

Diacritics

Articulation

Feature	Symbol	Name
lgl	◌̼	linguolabial
idt	◌̪͆	interdental
	◌̪	dental
apc	◌̺	apical
lmn	◌̻	laminal
	◌̟	advanced
	◌̠	retracted
	◌̈	centralized
	◌̽	mid-centralized
	◌̝	raised
	◌̞	lowered

The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not using the features of the base phoneme.

Air Flow

Feature	Symbol	Name
egs	↑	egressive
igs	↓	ingressive

The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA^[5]. They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).

Phonation

Feature	Symbol	Name
brv	◌̤	breathy voice
slv	◌̥	slack voice
stv	◌̬	stiff voice
crv	◌̰	creaky voice
glc	ʔ͡◌	glottal closure

The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the vls spaces in the IPA consonant charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a vcd consonant that does not have an equivalent vls consonant, the resulting consonant is vls, not slv.

Rounding and Labialization

Feature	Symbol	Name
ptr	◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ	protruded
cmp	◌ᵝ	compressed

The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following features:

Feature	Symbol	Name
mrd	◌̹	more rounded
lrd	◌̜	less rounded

Syllabicity

Feature	Symbol	Name
syl	◌̩	syllabic
nsy	◌̯	non-syllabic

Consonant Release

Feature	Symbol	Name
asp	◌ʰ	aspirated
nrs	◌ⁿ	nasal release
lrs	◌ˡ	lateral release
unx	◌̚	no audible release (unexploded)

Co-articulation

Feature	Symbol	Name
pzd	◌ʲ	palatalized
vzd	◌ˠ	velarized
fzd	◌ˤ	pharyngealized
nzd	◌̃	nasalized
rzd	◌˞	rhoticized

Tongue Root

Feature	Symbol	Name
atr	◌̘	advanced tongue root
rtr	◌̙	retracted tongue root

Fortis and Lenis

Feature	Symbol	Name
fts	◌͈	fortis
lns	◌͉	lenis

Suprasegmentals

Length

Feature	Symbol	Name
est	◌̆	extra short
hlg	◌ˑ	half-long
lng	◌ː	long
elg	◌ːː	extra long

References

1. Kirshenbaum, Evan, Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII (HTML). 1993.

2. Kirshenbaum, Evan, Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII (PDF). 2001.

3. International Phonetic Association, The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart. 2015. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

4. Wikipedia. International Phonetic Alphabet. 2017. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).

5. Wikipedia. Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet. 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).