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docs: Split out the IPA phoneme tables from the phoneme feature description.
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Reece H. Dunn
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# International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes
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- [Consonants](#consonants)
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
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- [Vowels](#vowels)
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1)
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
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- [Articulation](#articulation)
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- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
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- [Phonation](#phonation)
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- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
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- [Syllabicity](#syllabicity)
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- [Consonant Release](#consonant-release)
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- [Co-articulation](#co-articulation)
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- [Tongue Root](#tongue-root)
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- [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis)
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- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
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- [Length](#length)
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- [References](#references)
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----------
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This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription
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scheme using [phoneme features](../phonemes.md) based on those described by
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Evan Kirshenbaum <sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\], \[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup>.
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## Consonants
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| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | |
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|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
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| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
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| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
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| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | |
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| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
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| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
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| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
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| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
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| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | |
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| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
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| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
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| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | |
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| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | |
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| `ejc` `frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | |
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| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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### Other Symbols
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| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | |
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|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
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| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | |
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| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | |
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| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | |
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| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w |
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| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | |
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### Manner of Articulation
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|-----------|--------|----------------|
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| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive |
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## Vowels
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| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | |
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|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
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| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` |
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| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u |
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| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ |
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| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o |
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| `mid` | | | ə | | | |
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| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ |
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| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | |
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| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ |
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__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this
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distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the
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above table.
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### Other Symbols
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| Symbol | Features |
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|--------|-------------------------------|
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| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
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| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
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## Diacritics
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### Articulation
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|
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| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
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| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
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| | ◌̪ | dental |
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| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
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| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
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| | ◌̟ | advanced |
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| | ◌̠ | retracted |
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| | ◌̈ | centralized |
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| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized |
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| | ◌̝ | raised |
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| | ◌̞ | lowered |
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The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded
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using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not
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using the features of the base phoneme.
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### Air Flow
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|------------|
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| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
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| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |
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The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref5">5</a>\]</sup>.
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They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
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phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).
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### Phonation
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|
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| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
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| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
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| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
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| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
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| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |
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The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
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charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
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equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.
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### Rounding and Labialization
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|------------|
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| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded |
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| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed |
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The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following
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features:
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|--------------|
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| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded |
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| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded |
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### Syllabicity
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|
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| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic |
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| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic |
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### Consonant Release
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|---------------------------------|
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| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated |
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| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release |
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| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release |
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| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) |
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### Co-articulation
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|----------------|
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| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized |
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| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized |
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| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |
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| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized |
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| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized |
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### Tongue Root
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------------|
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| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root |
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| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root |
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### Fortis and Lenis
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|--------|
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| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis |
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| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis |
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## Suprasegmentals
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### Length
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|
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| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short |
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| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long |
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| `lng` | ◌ː | long |
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| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long |
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## References
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993.
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001.
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3. <a name="ref3"></a> International Phonetic Association,
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[The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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4. <a name="ref4"></a> Wikipedia.
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[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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5. <a name="ref5"></a> Wikipedia.
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[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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