From 9689cc8860192907d3ecf2ca861a67fa72ba86e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Mon, 12 Mar 2018 07:48:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] docs: Split out the IPA phoneme tables from the phoneme feature description. --- docs/phonemes.md | 281 +++++++++++++++++----------------------- docs/phonemes/fonipa.md | 225 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 341 insertions(+), 165 deletions(-) create mode 100644 docs/phonemes/fonipa.md diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index e1a7e8d2..be90af33 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -1,13 +1,12 @@ # Phonemes +- [Phoneme Transcriptions](#phoneme-transcriptions) - [Consonants](#consonants) - - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - - [Gemination](#gemination) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Voice](#voice) + - [Gemination](#gemination) - [Vowels](#vowels) - - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) - [Rounding](#rounding) - [Height](#height) - [Backness](#backness) @@ -22,12 +21,7 @@ - [Tongue Root](#tongue-root) - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) - [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) - - [Stress](#stress) - [Length](#length) - - [Rhythm](#rhythm) - - [Intonation](#intonation) - - [Tone Stepping](#tone-stepping) - - [Tones](#tones) - [References](#references) ---------- @@ -48,73 +42,41 @@ Instead, it is designed to be a transcription guide for authors of espeak-ng languages and voices on how to specify phonemes so that the IPA and feature transcriptions are consistent. +## Phoneme Transcriptions + +The following table lists phonetic transcription schemes based on the +International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): + +| BCP47 Variant Name | Transcription Name | Encoding | +|---------------------------------|---------------------------------------|----------| +| foncxs | Conlang X-SAMPA (CXS) | ASCII | +| [fonipa](phonemes/fonipa.md) | International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | Unicode | +| fonkirsh | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | +| fonxsampa | X-SAMPA | ASCII | + +__NOTE:__ The `foncxs` and `fonkirsh` variant names are not defined in the +[IANA language subtag registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry). +Instead, they are private use extensions defined in the +[bcp47-data](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) +project. + ## Consonants -| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | -|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| -| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | -| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | | -| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | | -| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | -| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | | -| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | | -| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | -| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ | -| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | | -| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | | -| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | | -| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | | -| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | | -| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | | -| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | | -| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | | -| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | | -| `ejc` `frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | | -| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - -### Other Symbols - -| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | -|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| -| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | -| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | | -| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | | -| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | | -| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | | -| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w | -| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | | - -### Gemination - -Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. -It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as -"lamppost" and "evenness". - -Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. -The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) -when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. - -The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, -with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a -geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the -mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. - ### Manner of Articulation -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|-----------|--------|----------------| -| `nas` | | nasal | -| `stp` | | plosive (stop) | -| `afr` | | affricate | -| `frc` | | fricative | -| `flp` | | tap/flap | -| `trl` | | trill | -| `apr` | | approximant | -| `clk` | | click | -| `ejc` | | ejective | -| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive | -| `vwl` | | vowel | +| Feature | Name | +|-----------|----------------| +| `nas` | nasal | +| `stp` | plosive (stop) | +| `afr` | affricate | +| `frc` | fricative | +| `flp` | tap/flap | +| `trl` | trill | +| `apr` | approximant | +| `clk` | click | +| `ejc` | ejective | +| `imp` | implosive | +| `vwl` | vowel | The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features, while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using @@ -148,7 +110,7 @@ features: | `glt` | glottal | The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` -onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant. +onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German `[p͡f]` consonant. __NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. @@ -160,30 +122,23 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | `vls` | voiceless | | `vcd` | voiced | +### Gemination + +Gemination is found in several languages including Italian and Japanese. +It is also present in the suprasegmental phonology between words such as +"lamppost" and "evenness". + +Some linguists use the [long](#length) suprasegmental for geminate consonants. +The eSpeak NG convention is to use consonant length for [phonation](#phonation) +when consonant length is distinct without gemination occurring. + +The way gemination is represented in eSpeak NG is to duplicate the phonemes, +with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, `[n̚.n]` for a +geminated `[n]`. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the +mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. + ## Vowels -| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | -|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| -| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | -| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u | -| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ | -| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o | -| `mid` | | | ə | | | | -| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ | -| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | | -| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ | - -__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this -distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the -above table. - -### Other Symbols - -| Symbol | Features | -|--------|-------------------------------| -| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | -| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | - ### Height | Feature | Name | @@ -204,6 +159,10 @@ above table. | `cnt` | center | | `bck` | back | +__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels (`[ɪ]`, `[ʏ]`, `[ʊ]`) are more `cnt` than the +other vowels. However, this distinction is not needed to classify these +vowels, so is not included in the phoneme model described in this document. + ### Rounding | Feature | Name | @@ -215,19 +174,19 @@ above table. ### Articulation -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|-----------------| -| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | -| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental | -| | ◌̪ | dental | -| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | -| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | -| | ◌̟ | advanced | -| | ◌̠ | retracted | -| | ◌̈ | centralized | -| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized | -| | ◌̝ | raised | -| | ◌̞ | lowered | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------| +| `lgl` | linguolabial | +| `idt` | interdental | +| | dental | +| `apc` | apical | +| `lmn` | laminal | +| | advanced | +| | retracted | +| | centralized | +| | mid-centralized | +| | raised | +| | lowered | The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not @@ -235,85 +194,77 @@ using the features of the base phoneme. ### Air Flow -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|------------| -| `egs` | ↑ | egressive | -| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | - -The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA\[7\]. -They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA -phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). +| Feature | Name | +|---------|------------| +| `egs` | egressive | +| `igs` | ingressive | ### Phonation -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|-----------------| -| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | -| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | -| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | -| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | -| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | - -The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant -charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an -equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------| +| `brv` | breathy voice | +| `slv` | slack voice | +| `stv` | stiff voice | +| `crv` | creaky voice | +| `glc` | glottal closure | ### Rounding and Labialization -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|------------| -| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | -| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|------------| +| `ptr` | protruded | +| `cmp` | compressed | The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following features: -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|--------------| -| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | -| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|--------------| +| `mrd` | more rounded | +| `lrd` | less rounded | ### Syllabicity -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|-----------------| -| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic | -| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------| +| `syl` | syllabic | +| `nsy` | non-syllabic | ### Consonant Release -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|---------------------------------| -| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated | -| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release | -| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | -| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|---------------------------------| +| `asp` | aspirated | +| `nrs` | nasal release | +| `lrs` | lateral release | +| `unx` | no audible release (unexploded) | ### Co-articulation -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|----------------| -| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | -| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | -| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | -| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | -| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|----------------| +| `pzd` | palatalized | +| `vzd` | velarized | +| `fzd` | pharyngealized | +| `nzd` | nasalized | +| `rzd` | rhoticized | ### Tongue Root The tongue root position can be specified using the following features: -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|-----------------------| -| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | -| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------------| +| `atr` | advanced tongue root | +| `rtr` | retracted tongue root | ### Fortis and Lenis -| Feature |Symbol | Name | -|---------|-------|--------| -| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis | -| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|--------| +| `fts` | fortis | +| `lns` | lenis | The extended IPA\[7\] ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than @@ -328,12 +279,12 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead. ### Length -| Feature | Symbol | Name | -|---------|--------|-----------------| -| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short | -| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long | -| `lng` | ◌ː | long | -| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long | +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------| +| `est` | extra short | +| `hlg` | half-long | +| `lng` | long | +| `elg` | extra long | ## References diff --git a/docs/phonemes/fonipa.md b/docs/phonemes/fonipa.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0910f5df --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/phonemes/fonipa.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +# International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Phonemes + +- [Consonants](#consonants) + - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) +- [Vowels](#vowels) + - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) +- [Diacritics](#diacritics) + - [Articulation](#articulation) + - [Air Flow](#air-flow) + - [Phonation](#phonation) + - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) + - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) + - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) + - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) + - [Tongue Root](#tongue-root) + - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) +- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) + - [Length](#length) +- [References](#references) + +---------- + +This document describes the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription +scheme using [phoneme features](../phonemes.md) based on those described by +Evan Kirshenbaum \[1\], \[2\]. + +## Consonants + +| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | +|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | +| `nas` | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̟̊ | ɲ̟ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | | +| `stp` | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | | | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | | +| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | +| `afr` | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | | | | | | | | | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | ʡ͡ħ | ʡ͡ʕ | ʔ͡h | | +| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | | | ʈ͡ɭ̊˔ | | | | c͡ʎ̥˔ | | k͡ʟ̝̊ | ɡ͡ʟ̝ | | | | | | | +| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | | | | +| `frc` | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | | | | | | | | | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ | +| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ɭ̊˔ | | | | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | | | | | | | +| `apr` | | | ʋ̥ | ʋ | | | ɹ̥ | ɹ | | | ɻ̊ | ɻ | | | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | | | | | | | +| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | l̥ | l | | | ɭ̊ | ɭ | | | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | | +| `flp` | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̮ | | | +| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | ɺ | | | | ɭ̆ | | | | ʎ̮ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | | +| `trl` | | ʙ | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ͡r̥ | ɽ͡r | | | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | | +| `clk` | ʘ | | | | ǀ | | ǃ | | | | | | ǂ | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | ǁ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `imp` | | ɓ | | | | | | ɗ | | | | | | | | ʄ | | ɠ | | ʛ | | | | | +| `ejc` | | | | | | | tʼ | | | | ʈʼ | | | | cʼ | | kʼ | | qʼ | | ʡʼ | | | | +| `ejc` `frc` | pʼ | | | | θʼ | | sʼ | | ʃʼ | | ʂʼ | | | | | | xʼ | | χʼ | | | | | | +| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | fʼ | | | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +### Other Symbols + +| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | +|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | +| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | ŋ͡m | | | +| `stp` | | | | | | | | | k͡p | ɡ͡b | | | +| `afr` | p͡f | b͡v | | | | | | | | | | | +| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | ɧ | | | | | | | | +| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | ɥ | | | ʍ | w | +| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | ɫ | | | | | | | | | + +### Manner of Articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|-----------|--------|----------------| +| `imp` | ◌ʼ | implosive | + +## Vowels + +| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | +|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | +| `hgh` | i | y | ɨ | ʉ | ɯ | u | +| `smh` | ɪ | ʏ | | | | ʊ | +| `umd` | e | ø | ɘ | ɵ | ɤ | o | +| `mid` | | | ə | | | | +| `lmd` | ɛ | œ | ɜ | ɞ | ʌ | ɔ | +| `sml` | æ | | ɐ | | | | +| `low` | a | ɶ | | | ɑ | ɒ | + +__NOTE:__ The `smh` vowels are more `cnt` than the other vowels. However, this +distinction is not needed to classify these vowels, so is not included in the +above table. + +### Other Symbols + +| Symbol | Features | +|--------|-------------------------------| +| ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | +| ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | + +## Diacritics + +### Articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | +| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental | +| | ◌̪ | dental | +| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | +| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | +| | ◌̟ | advanced | +| | ◌̠ | retracted | +| | ◌̈ | centralized | +| | ◌̽ | mid-centralized | +| | ◌̝ | raised | +| | ◌̞ | lowered | + +The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded +using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not +using the features of the base phoneme. + +### Air Flow + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|------------| +| `egs` | ↑ | egressive | +| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | + +The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA\[5\]. +They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA +phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). + +### Phonation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | +| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | +| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | +| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | +| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | + +The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant +charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an +equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. + +### Rounding and Labialization + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|------------| +| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | +| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | + +The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following +features: + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|--------------| +| `mrd` | ◌̹ | more rounded | +| `lrd` | ◌̜ | less rounded | + +### Syllabicity + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `syl` | ◌̩ | syllabic | +| `nsy` | ◌̯ | non-syllabic | + +### Consonant Release + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|---------------------------------| +| `asp` | ◌ʰ | aspirated | +| `nrs` | ◌ⁿ | nasal release | +| `lrs` | ◌ˡ | lateral release | +| `unx` | ◌̚ | no audible release (unexploded) | + +### Co-articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|----------------| +| `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | +| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | +| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | +| `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | +| `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | + +### Tongue Root + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------------| +| `atr` | ◌̘ | advanced tongue root | +| `rtr` | ◌̙ | retracted tongue root | + +### Fortis and Lenis + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|--------| +| `fts` | ◌͈ | fortis | +| `lns` | ◌͉ | lenis | + +## Suprasegmentals + +### Length + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `est` | ◌̆ | extra short | +| `hlg` | ◌ˑ | half-long | +| `lng` | ◌ː | long | +| `elg` | ◌ːː | extra long | + +## References + +1. Kirshenbaum, Evan, + [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993. + +2. Kirshenbaum, Evan, + [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001. + +3. International Phonetic Association, + [The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015. + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +4. Wikipedia. + [International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017. + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +5. Wikipedia. + [Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017, + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).