[1.29.12] *_list files can translate words to "sounds like" words as well as phonemes. $textmode, $phonememode.

Lang eo: use .replace in eo_rules for "cx" etc. git-svn-id: https://espeak.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/espeak/trunk@94 d46cf337-b52f-0410-862d-fd96e6ae7743
2026-10-31 05:35:35 +00:00 · 2007-10-29 09:42:18 +00:00
parent 5bdf9d63ab
commit 9543dcc00d
15 changed files with 240 additions and 131 deletions
@@ -725,6 +725,7 @@ dingy            dIndZI2
 dinosaur         daIn@sO@
 diode            daIoUd
 diplomacy        dIpl'oUm@sI2
+dipole           daIpoUl
 disconsolate     dIsk'0ns@l@t 
 disc             dIsk          // for discs
 disciple         dIs'aIp@L
@@ -857,6 +858,7 @@ finite           faInaIt
 fishnet          fISnEt
 fiord            fi:O@d
 fix              fIks		// for fixer
+fjord            fIO@d
 flagellum        fla2dZEl@m
 flexible         flEksIb@L
 flier            flaI3
@@ -2255,7 +2257,6 @@ Penelope	p@nEl@pI2
 Phoebe		fi:bi:
 Rachel		reItS@L
 Rhys		ri:s
-Robert		r0b3t
 Roderick	r0drIk
 Samantha	s@manT@
 Sarah		se@r@
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@
 // ?7  Scottish
 // ?8  Use full vowel, not schwa in some word endings

+.replace
+   ﬀ   f     // ligature
+   ﬁ   fi
+   ﬂ   fl
+

 .group a
         _) a (_         a2
@@ -1653,6 +1658,7 @@
         l) egion        i:dZ@n
            egy (pt      i:dZI
         n) e (gro       i:
+            eh (_        eI
            ei           eI
         _) ei           aI
         c) ei           i:
@@ -3092,7 +3098,7 @@
         r) iv (el       Iv
         r) iv (en       Iv
         r) iv (et       Iv
-        _l) iv (el       aIv
+        _l) iv (eB       aIv
        XC) iv (el       Iv
        _g) iv (e        Iv
        _l) iv (e        Iv
@@ -3377,6 +3383,7 @@
            o (bliga     0
            o (bligato   %0
            o (blo       0
+        _r) o (ber       0
         r) o (bot       oU
         _) o (bs        %0
         _) obs (er      %0bz
@@ -5223,6 +5230,3 @@
            €        jU@roUz
            ♯        SA@p
            ♭        flat
-            ﬀ        f
-            ﬁ        fI
-            ﬂ        fl
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ _dpt		komo_

 _.	punkto

+v	vo	// not Roman numbers
+x	ikso
+
 t.e		t'e,e


@@ -54,22 +57,18 @@ uea         $abbrev
 uk          $abbrev


-// includes both accented characters and ascii digraph alternatives (cx, gx, ux, etc)

 l'              la
 la              %la
 ne              $u+     // negative
-cxu             $u      // interogative particle
-cxi             $u
-ĉu              $u      // cxi  interogative particle
-ĉi              $u      // cxi  interogative particle
+ĉu              $u      // interogative particle
+ĉi              $u      // interogative particle
 ia              $u      // any

 // prepositions
 de              $u+ $brk
 (de la)         dela	$u $brk

-antaux          $u+ $pause
 antaŭ           $u+ $pause
 apud            $u+ $pause
 ol              $u+ $brk
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ je		$u $brk

 kun             $u+ $pause
 laŭ		$u+ $brk
-laux		$u+ $brk
 per             $u+ $brk
 preter          $u+ $brk
 pri		$u+ $pause
@@ -109,12 +107,10 @@ eĉ              $brk
 mi              $u
 ci              $u
 li              $u
-sxi             $u
 ŝi              $u
-gxi             $u
 ĝi              $u
 ni              $u
-vi              $u
+vi              vi $u
 ili             $u
 oni             $u
 si              $u
@@ -122,9 +118,7 @@ si              $u
 mia             $u+
 cia             $u+
 lia             $u+
-sxia            $u+
 ŝia             $u+
-gxia            $u+
 ĝia             $u+
 nia             $u+
 via             $u+
@@ -134,9 +128,7 @@ sia             $u+
 miaj             $u+
 ciaj             $u+
 liaj             $u+
-sxiaj            $u+
 ŝiaj             $u+
-gxiaj            $u+
 ĝiaj             $u+
 niaj             $u+
 viaj             $u+
@@ -193,9 +185,7 @@ tiam            $brk

 // conjunctions
 ke		$u $pause      // that (conj)
-aux		$u $pause
-aŭ		$u $pause      // aux
-cxar		$u $pause
+aŭ		$u $pause
 ĉar		$u $pause
 kaj		$u $pause
 sed		$u $pause
@@ -3,12 +3,19 @@

 // includes both accented characters and ascii digraph alternatives (cx, gx, ux, etc)

+.replace
+   cx    ĉ
+   gx    ĝ
+   hx    ĥ
+   jx    ĵ
+   sx    ŝ
+   ux    ŭ
+
+
 .group a
 	_)	a(_	a
 		a	a
 		aj	aI
-		a (jx   a
-		aux	aU
 		aŭ	aU
     D_-_)      a (_    %a    //'a' after a number
     D_-_)      an (_   %an   //'an' after a number
@@ -22,11 +29,9 @@
 .group c
 	_)	c(_	tso
 	_)	ch(_	tSo
-	_)	cx(_	tSo
 		c	ts
 		ch (K	tS    // foreign words
 	K)	ch	tS    // foreign words
-		cx	tS
 		
 		
 .group d
@@ -40,8 +45,6 @@
 	_)	e(_	e
 		e	e
 		ej	eI
-		e (jx	e
-		eux	eU
 		eŭ	eU
 		
 .group f
@@ -53,17 +56,13 @@
 		
 .group g
 	_)	g(_	go
-	_)	gx(_	dZo
 		g	g
 		gh (K	dZ
-		gx	dZ
 				
 .group h
 	_)	h(_	ho
-	_)	hx(_	xo
 		h	h
 		hh	x
-		hx	x
 		
 		
 .group i
@@ -73,10 +72,8 @@
 		
 .group j
 	_)	j(_	jo
-	_)	jx(_	Zo
 		j	j
 		jh (C	Z
-		jx	Z
 		
 .group k
 	_)	k(_	ko
@@ -106,7 +103,6 @@
 	_)	o(_	o
 		o	o
 		oj	OI
-		o (jx   o
 		
 .group p
 	_)	p(_	po
@@ -131,9 +127,7 @@
 .group s
 	_)	s(_	so
 	_)	sh(_	So
-	_)	sx(_	So
 		s	s
-		sx	S
 		sh (K	S    // foreign words
 	K)	sh	S    // foreign words

@@ -149,11 +143,8 @@
 		
 .group u
 	_)	u(_	u
-	_)	ux(_	wo
 		u	u
 		uj	uI
-		u (jx   u
-		ux	w
 		
 		
 .group v
@@ -528,6 +528,23 @@ The dictionary list is searched from bottom to top.  The first match that satisf
 </pre>
 then if "to" is at the end of the clause, we get [tu:], if not then we get [t@].

+<p>
+<h4>4.4.4  Translating a Word with another Word</h4>
+Rather than specifying the pronunciation of a word by a phoneme string, you can specify another "sounds like" word.<p>Use the attribute <b>$text</b>  eg.<p>
+<pre>
+    cough    coff   $text
+</pre>
+Alternatively, use the command <b>$textmode</b> on a line by itself to turn this on for all subsequent entries in the file, until it's turned off by <b>$phonememode</b>. eg.<p>
+<pre>
+    $textmode
+    cough     coff
+    through   threw
+    $phonememode
+</pre>
+This feature cannot be used for the special entries in the <b>_list</b> files which start with an underscore, such as numbers.<p>
+Currently "textmode" entries are only recognized for complete words, and not for for stems from which a prefix or suffix has been removed (eg. the word "coughs" would not match the example above).
+<p>
+
 <p>&nbsp;<hr>
 <h3>4.5  Conditional Rules</h3>
 Rules in a <b>_rules</b> file and entries in a <b>_list</b> file can be made conditional.  They apply only to some voices.  This can be useful to specify different pronunciations for different variants of a language (dialects or accents).<p>
@@ -572,6 +589,17 @@ _0 to _9 &nbsp;
 </tbody></table>
 </ul>

+<p>&nbsp;<hr>
+<h3>4.7  Character Substitution</h3>
+Chracter substitutions can be specified by using a <b> .replace </b> section at the start of the <b> _rules </b> file.  Each line specified either one or two alphabetic characters to be replaced by another one or two alphabetic characters.  This substitution is done to a word before it is translated using the spelling-to-phoneme rules.  Only the lower-case version of the characters needs to be specified.  eg.<p>
+ &nbsp; .replace<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &#xf4; &nbsp; &#x151; &nbsp; // (Hungarian) allow the use of o-circumflex instead of o-double-accute<br>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &#xfb; &nbsp; &#x171;<p>
+&nbsp; &nbsp; cx &nbsp; &#x109; &nbsp; // (Esperanto) allow "cx" as an alternative to c-circumflex<p>
+
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &#xfb01; &nbsp; fi &nbsp; // replace a single character ligature by two characters
+<p>
+

 </body>
 </html>
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ phoneme t2   // [t] which doesn't reduce
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
-  wave  ustop/t
+  wave  ustop/t%90
  before _ ustop/t_
  before @- ustop/t_dnt%50
  before r ustop/tr
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ phoneme t#    // reduced [t] as in "city"
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  lengthmod 5
-  wave  x/d%90
+  wave  x/d%80
 endphoneme


@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ phoneme t
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
-  wave  ustop/t
+  wave  ustop/t%90
  before _ ustop/t_
  before @- ustop/t_dnt%50
  before r ustop/tr
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ static int error_count;
 static int transpose_offset;  // transpose character range for LookupDictList()
 static int transpose_min;
 static int transpose_max;
+static int text_mode = 0;

 int hash_counts[N_HASH_DICT];
 char *hash_chains[N_HASH_DICT];
@@ -94,9 +95,13 @@ MNEM_TAB mnem_flags[] = {
 	{"$pastf",     27},   /* past tense follows */
 	{"$verbextend",28},   /* extend influence of 'verb follows' */

-	{"$brk",       30},   /* a shorter $pause */
+	{"$text",      29},   // word translates to replcement text, not phonemes
+	{"$brk",       30},   // a shorter $pause
 	// doesn't set dictionary_flags
 	{"$?",        100},   // conditional rule, followed by byte giving the condition number
+
+	{"$textmode",  200},
+	{"$phonememode", 201},
 	{NULL,   -1}
 };

@@ -169,17 +174,37 @@ int compile_line(char *linebuf, char *dict_line, int *hash)
 	
 	int len_word;
 	int len_phonetic;
+	int text_not_phonemes;   // this word specifies replacement text, not phonemes
 	
 	char *mnemptr;
 	char *comment;
 	unsigned char flag_codes[100];
 	char encoded_ph[200];
 	unsigned char bad_phoneme[4];
-	
-	p = linebuf;
+
 	comment = NULL;
+	text_not_phonemes = 0;
 	phonetic = word = "";

+	p = linebuf;
+//	while(isspace2(*p)) p++;
+
+#ifdef deleted
+	if(*p == '$')
+	{
+		if(memcmp(p,"$textmode",9) == 0)
+		{
+			text_mode = 1;
+			return(0);
+		}
+		if(memcmp(p,"$phonememode",12) == 0)
+		{
+			text_mode = 0;
+			return(0);
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
 	step = 0;
 	
 	c = 0;
@@ -224,7 +249,26 @@ int compile_line(char *linebuf, char *dict_line, int *hash)
 	
 			ix = LookupMnem(mnem_flags,mnemptr);
 			if(ix > 0)
-				flag_codes[n_flag_codes++] = ix;
+			{
+				if(ix == 200)
+				{
+					text_mode = 1;
+				}
+				else
+				if(ix == 201)
+				{
+					text_mode = 0;
+				}
+				else
+				if(ix == BITNUM_FLAG_DICTTEXT)
+				{
+					text_not_phonemes = 1;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					flag_codes[n_flag_codes++] = ix;
+				}
+			}
 			else
 			{
 				fprintf(f_log,"%5d: Unknown keyword: %s\n",linenum,mnemptr);
@@ -325,25 +369,35 @@ int compile_line(char *linebuf, char *dict_line, int *hash)
 #endif
 		return(0);   /* blank line */
 	}
-	EncodePhonemes(phonetic,encoded_ph,bad_phoneme);
-	if(strchr(encoded_ph,phonSWITCH) != 0)
+
+	if(text_not_phonemes || text_mode)
 	{
-		flag_codes[n_flag_codes++] = BITNUM_FLAG_ONLY_S;
+		strcpy(encoded_ph,phonetic);   // this is replacement text, so don't encode as phonemes
+		flag_codes[n_flag_codes++] = BITNUM_FLAG_DICTTEXT;
 	}
-	
-	for(ix=0; ix<255; ix++)
+	else
 	{
-		c = encoded_ph[ix];
-		if(c == 0)   break;
-	
-		if(c == 255)
+		EncodePhonemes(phonetic,encoded_ph,bad_phoneme);
+		if(strchr(encoded_ph,phonSWITCH) != 0)
 		{
-			/* unrecognised phoneme, report error */
-			fprintf(f_log,"%5d: Bad phoneme [%c] (0x%x) in: %s  %s\n",linenum,bad_phoneme[0],bad_phoneme[0],word,phonetic);
-			error_count++;
+			flag_codes[n_flag_codes++] = BITNUM_FLAG_ONLY_S;  // don't match on suffixes (except 's') when switching languages
+		}
+
+		// check for errors in the phonemes codes
+		for(ix=0; ix<sizeof(encoded_ph); ix++)
+		{
+			c = encoded_ph[ix];
+			if(c == 0)   break;
+		
+			if(c == 255)
+			{
+				/* unrecognised phoneme, report error */
+				fprintf(f_log,"%5d: Bad phoneme [%c] (0x%x) in: %s  %s\n",linenum,bad_phoneme[0],bad_phoneme[0],word,phonetic);
+				error_count++;
+			}
 		}
 	}
-	
+
 	if((word[0] & 0x80)==0)  // 7 bit ascii only
 	{
 		// If first letter is uppercase, convert to lower case.  (Only if it's 7bit ascii)
@@ -504,6 +558,8 @@ int compile_dictlist_file(const char *path, const char* filename)
 	char buf[sizeof(path_home)+45];
 	char dict_line[128];
 	
+	text_mode = 0;
+
 	sprintf(buf,"%s%s",path,filename);
 	if((f_in = fopen(buf,"r")) == NULL)
 		return(-1);
@@ -2795,7 +2795,11 @@ int Translator::LookupDict2(char *word, char *word2, char *phonetic, unsigned in
 			DecodePhonemes(phonetic,ph_decoded);
 			if(flags != NULL)
 				flags1 = *flags;
-			fprintf(f_trans,"Found: %s [%s]  %s\n",word1,ph_decoded,print_dflags(flags1));
+
+			if((dictionary_flags & FLAG_DICTTEXT) == 0)
+			{
+				fprintf(f_trans,"Found: %s [%s]  %s\n",word1,ph_decoded,print_dflags(flags1));
+			}
 		}
 		return(1);

@@ -2805,8 +2809,8 @@ int Translator::LookupDict2(char *word, char *word2, char *phonetic, unsigned in



-int Translator::LookupDictList(char *word1, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, int end_flags)
-//===========================================================================================
+int Translator::LookupDictList(char **wordptr, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, int end_flags)
+//==============================================================================================
 /* Lookup a specified word in the word dictionary.
   Returns phonetic data in 'phonetic' and bits in 'flags'

@@ -2815,14 +2819,16 @@ int Translator::LookupDictList(char *word1, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, i
 {
 	int  length;
 	int  found;
+	char *word1;
 	char *word2;
 	unsigned char c;
 	int  nbytes;
 	int  c2;
 	char word[N_WORD_BYTES];
+	static char word_replacement[N_WORD_BYTES];

 	length = 0;
-	word2 = word1;
+	word2 = word1 = *wordptr;

 	while((word2[nbytes = utf8_in(&c2,word2,0)]==' ') && (word2[nbytes+1]=='.'))
 	{
@@ -2857,25 +2863,52 @@ int Translator::LookupDictList(char *word1, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, i

 	found = LookupDict2(word,word1,ph_out,flags,end_flags);

-	if(found) return(1);
-	ph_out[0] = 0;
-
-	// try modifications to find a recognised word
-
-	if((end_flags & FLAG_SUFX_E_ADDED) && (word[length-1] == 'e'))
+	if(found == 0)
 	{
-		// try removing an 'e' which has been added by RemoveEnding
-		word[length-1] = 0;
-		found = LookupDict2(word,word1,ph_out,flags,end_flags);
-		if(found) return(1);
+		ph_out[0] = 0;
+	
+		// try modifications to find a recognised word
+	
+		if((end_flags & FLAG_SUFX_E_ADDED) && (word[length-1] == 'e'))
+		{
+			// try removing an 'e' which has been added by RemoveEnding
+			word[length-1] = 0;
+			found = LookupDict2(word,word1,ph_out,flags,end_flags);
+		}
+		else
+		if((end_flags & SUFX_D) && (word[length-1] == word[length-2]))
+		{
+			// try removing a double letter
+			word[length-1] = 0;
+			found = LookupDict2(word,word1,ph_out,flags,end_flags);
+		}
 	}

-	if((end_flags & SUFX_D) && (word[length-1] == word[length-2]))
+	if(found)
 	{
-		// try removing a double letter
-		word[length-1] = 0;
-		found = LookupDict2(word,word1,ph_out,flags,end_flags);
-		if(found) return(1);
+		if(*flags & FLAG_DICTTEXT)
+		{
+			// the word translates to replacement text, not to phonemes
+
+			if(end_flags & FLAG_ALLOW_DICTTEXT)
+			{
+				// only use replacement text if this is the original word, not if a prefix or suffix has been removed
+				word_replacement[0] = 0;
+				word_replacement[1] = ' ';
+				strcpy(&word_replacement[2],ph_out);   // replacement word, preceded by zerochar and space
+				*wordptr = &word_replacement[2];
+
+				if(option_phonemes == 2)
+				{
+					fprintf(f_trans,"Replace: %s  %s\n",word,*wordptr);
+				}
+			}
+
+			ph_out[0] = 0;
+			return(0);
+		}
+
+		return(1);
 	}

 	ph_out[0] = 0;
@@ -2887,7 +2920,7 @@ int Translator::LookupDictList(char *word1, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, i
 int Translator::Lookup(char *word, char *ph_out)
 {//=============================================
 	unsigned int flags;
-	return(LookupDictList(word,ph_out,&flags,0));
+	return(LookupDictList(&word,ph_out,&flags,0));
 }


@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ const char *Translator::LookupSpecial(char *string)
 	char phonemes2[55];
 	static char buf[60];

-	if(LookupDictList(string,phonemes,&flags,0))
+	if(LookupDictList(&string,phonemes,&flags,0))
 	{
 		SetWordStress(phonemes,flags,-1,0);
 		DecodePhonemes(phonemes,phonemes2);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 #include "translate.h"
 #include "wave.h"

-const char *version_string = "1.29.11  23.Oct.07";
+const char *version_string = "1.29.12  29.Oct.07";
 const int version_phdata  = 0x012901;

 int option_device_number = -1;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Translator *SelectTranslator(const char *name)
 			tr->langopts.unstressed_wd1 = 1;
 			tr->langopts.unstressed_wd2 = 2;

-			tr->langopts.numbers = 0x1409;
+			tr->langopts.numbers = 0x1c09 + NUM_ROMAN;
 		}
 		break;

@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ int Translator::TranslateWord(char *word1, int next_pause, WORD_TAB *wtab)
 	unsigned int dictionary_flags2=0;
 	int end_type=0;
 	int prefix_type=0;
-	char *word;
+	char *wordx;
 	char phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
 	char *ph_limit;
 	char *phonemes_ptr;
@@ -618,20 +618,19 @@ int Translator::TranslateWord(char *word1, int next_pause, WORD_TAB *wtab)
 	static char word_iz[4] = {0,'i','z',0};
 	static char word_ss[4] = {0,'s','s',0};

-	word = word1;
 	prefix_phonemes[0] = 0;
 	end_phonemes[0] = 0;
 	ph_limit = &phonemes[N_WORD_PHONEMES];

 	// count the length of the word
-	utf8_in(&first_char,word,0);
+	wordx = word1;
+	utf8_in(&first_char,wordx,0);
 	word_length = 0;
-	while((*word != 0) && (*word != ' '))
+	while((*wordx != 0) && (*wordx != ' '))
 	{
-		word += utf8_in(&last_char,word,0);
+		wordx += utf8_in(&last_char,wordx,0);
 		word_length++;
 	}
-	word = word1;

 	// try an initial lookup in the dictionary list, we may find a pronunciation specified, or
 	// we may just find some flags
@@ -643,7 +642,8 @@ int Translator::TranslateWord(char *word1, int next_pause, WORD_TAB *wtab)
 	else
 	{
 		spell_word = 0;
-		found = LookupDictList(word,phonemes,&dictionary_flags,wflags << 16);
+		found = LookupDictList(&word1,phonemes,&dictionary_flags,FLAG_ALLOW_DICTTEXT | wflags << 16);   // the original word
+
 		if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 		{
 			// change to another language in order to translate this word
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 			if(word_phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 				return(0);

-			found = TranslateNumber(word,phonemes,&dictionary_flags,wflags);
+			found = TranslateNumber(word1,phonemes,&dictionary_flags,wflags);
 		}

 		if(!found & ((word_flags & FLAG_UPPERS) != FLAG_FIRST_UPPER))
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))

 			if((langopts.numbers & NUM_ROMAN) || ((langopts.numbers & NUM_ROMAN_UC) && (word_flags & FLAG_ALL_UPPER)))
 			{
-				if((found = TranslateRoman(word,phonemes)) != 0)
+				if((found = TranslateRoman(word1,phonemes)) != 0)
 					dictionary_flags |= FLAG_ABBREV;      // don't spell capital Roman numbers as individual letters
 			}
 		}
@@ -694,14 +694,14 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 	if(spell_word > 0)
 	{
 		// Speak as individual letters
-		word = word1;
+		wordx = word1;
 		posn = 0;
 		phonemes[0] = 0;
 		end_type = 0;

-		while(*word != ' ')
+		while(*wordx != ' ')
 		{
-			word += TranslateLetter(word, phonemes,spell_word);
+			wordx += TranslateLetter(wordx, phonemes,spell_word);
 			if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 			{
 				// change to another language in order to translate this word
@@ -719,12 +719,14 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))

 		posn = 0;
 		length = 999;
-		while(((length < 3) && (length > 0))|| (word_length > 1 && Unpronouncable(word)))
+		wordx = word1;
+
+		while(((length < 3) && (length > 0))|| (word_length > 1 && Unpronouncable(wordx)))
 		{
 			char *p;
 			// This word looks "unpronouncable", so speak letters individually until we
 			// find a remainder that we can pronounce.
-			word += TranslateLetter(word,phonemes,0);
+			wordx += TranslateLetter(wordx,phonemes,0);
 			if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 			{
 				// change to another language in order to translate this word
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 				return(0);
 			}

-			p = &word[word_length-3];
+			p = &wordx[word_length-3];
 			if(memcmp(p,"'s ",3) == 0)
 			{
 				// remove a 's suffix and pronounce this separately (not as an individual letter)
@@ -743,18 +745,18 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 			}

 			length=0;
-			while(word[length] != ' ') length++;
+			while(wordx[length] != ' ') length++;
 			if(length > 0)
-				word[-1] = ' ';            // prevent this affecting the pronunciation of the pronuncable part
+				wordx[-1] = ' ';            // prevent this affecting the pronunciation of the pronuncable part
 		}
 		SetSpellingStress(phonemes,0);

 		// anything left ?
-		if(*word != ' ')
+		if(*wordx != ' ')
 		{
 			// Translate the stem
 			unpron_length = strlen(phonemes);
-			end_type = TranslateRules(word, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags, dictionary_flags);
+			end_type = TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags, dictionary_flags);

 			if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 			{
@@ -763,7 +765,7 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 				return(0);
 			}

-			c_temp = word[-1];
+			c_temp = wordx[-1];

 			found = 0;
 			confirm_prefix = 1;
@@ -779,12 +781,12 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))

 					// remove any standard suffix and confirm that the prefix is still recognised
 					phonemes2[0] = 0;
-					end2 = TranslateRules(word, phonemes2, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes2, wflags|FLAG_NO_PREFIX|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
+					end2 = TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes2, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes2, wflags|FLAG_NO_PREFIX|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
 					if(end2)
 					{
-						RemoveEnding(word,end2,word_copy);
-						end_type = TranslateRules(word, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
-						memcpy(word,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
+						RemoveEnding(wordx,end2,word_copy);
+						end_type = TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, wflags|FLAG_NO_TRACE, dictionary_flags);
+						memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
 						if((end_type & SUFX_P) == 0)
 						{
 							// after removing the suffix, the prefix is no longer recognised.
@@ -812,30 +814,30 @@ if((wmark > 0) && (wmark < 8))
 					expect_verb = 1;      // use the verb form of the word
 				}

-				word[-1] = c_temp;
+				wordx[-1] = c_temp;
 				for(ix=(prefix_type & 0xf); ix>0; ix--)    // num. of characters to remove
 				{
-					word++;
-					while((*word & 0xc0) == 0x80) word++;  // for multibyte characters
+					wordx++;
+					while((*wordx & 0xc0) == 0x80) wordx++;  // for multibyte characters
 				}
-				c_temp = word[-1];
-				word[-1] = ' ';
+				c_temp = wordx[-1];
+				wordx[-1] = ' ';
 				confirm_prefix = 1;

 				end_type = 0;
-				found = LookupDictList(word,phonemes,&dictionary_flags2,SUFX_P | (wflags << 16));
+				found = LookupDictList(&wordx,phonemes,&dictionary_flags2,SUFX_P | (wflags << 16));   // without prefix
 				if(dictionary_flags==0)
 					dictionary_flags = dictionary_flags2;
 				else
 					prefix_flags = 1;
 				if(found == 0)
 				{
-					end_type = TranslateRules(word, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, 0, dictionary_flags);
+					end_type = TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, end_phonemes, 0, dictionary_flags);

 					if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 					{
 						// change to another language in order to translate this word
-						word[-1] = c_temp;
+						wordx[-1] = c_temp;
 						strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
 						return(0);
 					}
@@ -848,7 +850,7 @@ char phonemes2[N_WORD_PHONEMES];
 strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);

 				// The word has a standard ending, re-translate without this ending
-				end_flags = RemoveEnding(word,end_type,word_copy);
+				end_flags = RemoveEnding(wordx,end_type,word_copy);

 				phonemes_ptr = &phonemes[unpron_length];
 				phonemes_ptr[0] = 0;
@@ -856,26 +858,24 @@ strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);
 				if(prefix_phonemes[0] != 0)
 				{
 					// lookup the stem without the prefix removed
-					word[-1] = c_temp;
-					found = LookupDictList(word1,phonemes_ptr,&dictionary_flags2,end_flags | (wflags << 16));
-					word[-1] = ' ';
+					wordx[-1] = c_temp;
+					found = LookupDictList(&word1,phonemes_ptr,&dictionary_flags2,end_flags | (wflags << 16));  // include prefix, but not suffix
+					wordx[-1] = ' ';
 					if(dictionary_flags==0)
 						dictionary_flags = dictionary_flags2;
 					if(found)
 						prefix_phonemes[0] = 0;  // matched whole word, don't need prefix now

-//					if(found || (dictionary_flags2 != 0))
-//						prefix_flags = 1;        // ?? this looks wrong
 					if((found==0) && (dictionary_flags2 != 0))
 						prefix_flags = 1;
 				}
 				if(found == 0)
 				{
-					found = LookupDictList(word,phonemes_ptr,&dictionary_flags2,end_flags | (wflags << 16));
+					found = LookupDictList(&wordx,phonemes_ptr,&dictionary_flags2,end_flags | (wflags << 16));  // without prefix and suffix
 					if(phonemes_ptr[0] == phonSWITCH)
 					{
 						// change to another language in order to translate this word
-						memcpy(word,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
+						memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
 						strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes_ptr);
 						return(0);
 					}
@@ -895,16 +895,16 @@ strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);
 					else
 					{
 						if(end_flags & FLAG_SUFX)
-							TranslateRules(word, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL,wflags | FLAG_SUFFIX_REMOVED, dictionary_flags);
+							TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL,wflags | FLAG_SUFFIX_REMOVED, dictionary_flags);
 						else
-							TranslateRules(word, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL,wflags,dictionary_flags);
+							TranslateRules(wordx, phonemes, N_WORD_PHONEMES, NULL,wflags,dictionary_flags);

 						if(phonemes[0] == phonSWITCH)
 						{
 							// change to another language in order to translate this word
 							strcpy(word_phonemes,phonemes);
-							memcpy(word,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
-							word[-1] = c_temp;
+							memcpy(wordx,word_copy,strlen(word_copy));
+							wordx[-1] = c_temp;
 							return(0);
 						}
 					}
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);
 					end_phonemes[0] = 0;
 				}
 			}
-			word[-1] = c_temp;
+			wordx[-1] = c_temp;
 		}
 	}

@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ strcpy(phonemes2,phonemes);
 		expect_past = 0;
 	}

-	if((word[0] != 0) && (!(dictionary_flags & FLAG_VERB_EXT)))
+	if((wordx[0] != 0) && (!(dictionary_flags & FLAG_VERB_EXT)))
 	{
 		if(expect_verb > 0)
 			expect_verb -= 1;
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 // bits 0-3  stressed syllable,  7=unstressed
 #define FLAG_SKIPWORDS        0x80
 #define FLAG_PREPAUSE        0x100
+
 #define FLAG_ONLY            0x200
+#define FLAG_ONLY_S          0x400
 #define BITNUM_FLAG_ONLY         9  // bit 9 is set
 #define BITNUM_FLAG_ONLY_S      10  // bit 10 is set
-#define FLAG_ONLY_S          0x400
+
 #define FLAG_STRESS_END      0x800  /* full stress if at end of clause */
 #define FLAG_STRESS_END2    0x1000  /* full stress if at end of clause, or only followed by unstressed */
 #define FLAG_UNSTRESS_END   0x2000  /* reduce stress at end of clause */
@@ -62,6 +64,9 @@
 #define FLAG_PASTF       0x8000000  /* past tense follows */
 #define FLAG_VERB_EXT   0x10000000  /* extend the 'verb follows' */

+#define FLAG_DICTTEXT   0x20000000  // word translates to replacement text, not phonemes
+#define BITNUM_FLAG_DICTTEXT    29
+
 #define FLAG_PAUSE1     0x40000000  // shorter prepause
 #define FLAG_FOUND      0x80000000  /* pronunciation was found in the dictionary list */

@@ -92,6 +97,7 @@
 #define SUFX_Q        0x4000   // don't retranslate
 #define SUFX_T        0x10000   // don't affect the stress position in the stem

+#define FLAG_ALLOW_DICTTEXT  0x02  // allow dictionary to translate to text rather than phonemes
 #define FLAG_SUFX       0x04
 #define FLAG_SUFX_S     0x08
 #define FLAG_SUFX_E_ADDED 0x10
@@ -417,7 +423,7 @@ protected:
 	virtual int ChangePhonemes(PHONEME_LIST2 *phlist, int n_ph, int index, PHONEME_TAB *ph, CHANGEPH *ch);

 	int IsVowel(int letter);
-	int LookupDictList(char *word1, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, int end_flags);
+	int LookupDictList(char **wordptr, char *ph_out, unsigned int *flags, int end_flags);
 	int Lookup(char *word, char *ph_out);