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docs/phonemes.md: restructure the place of articulation features.
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Reece H. Dunn
+26
-76
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
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- [Gemination](#gemination)
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
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- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
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- [Voice](#voice)
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- [Vowels](#vowels)
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
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@@ -11,9 +12,6 @@
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- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
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- [Phonation](#phonation)
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- [Features](#features)
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- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
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- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
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- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators)
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- [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization)
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- [Vowel Height](#vowel-height)
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- [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness)
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@@ -424,6 +422,30 @@ features:
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| `lat` | lateral |
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| `sib` | sibilant |
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### Place of Articulation
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| Feature | Name |
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|---------|-----------------------|
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| `blb` | bilabial |
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| `lbd` | labiodental |
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| `bld` | bilabial-labiodental |
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| `dnt` | dental |
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| `alv` | alveolar |
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| `pla` | palato-alveolar |
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| `rfx` | retroflex |
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| `alp` | alveolo-palatal |
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| `pal` | palatal |
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| `vel` | velar |
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| `lbv` | labio-velar |
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| `uvl` | uvular |
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| `phr` | pharyngeal |
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| `glt` | glottal |
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The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
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onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant.
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__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
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consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.
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### Voice
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@@ -498,6 +520,7 @@ above table.
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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|---------|--------|-----------------|
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| `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial |
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| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental |
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| | ◌̪ | dental |
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| `apc` | ◌̺ | apical |
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| `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal |
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@@ -539,79 +562,6 @@ equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.
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## Features
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### Place of Articulation
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The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and
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one or more passive articulators<sup>\[<a href="#ref9">9</a>\]</sup>. The
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possible places of articulation are:
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| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive |
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|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------|
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| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | |
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| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | |
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| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | |
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| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | |
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| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | |
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| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | |
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| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` |
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| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` |
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| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` |
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| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` |
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| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` |
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| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` |
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| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` |
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| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` |
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| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` |
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| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` |
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| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` |
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| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` |
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| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` |
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| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` |
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| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` |
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The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and
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to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and
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passive articulators are used.
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The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used on
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`alv` consonants.
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The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb`
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onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant.
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The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is
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`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed.
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__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal
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consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions.
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#### Active Articulators
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| Feature | Name | Articulator |
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|---------|-----------|-------------------------|
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| `lbl` | labial | lower lip |
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| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade |
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| `apc` | apical | tongue tip |
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| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue |
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| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body |
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| `rdl` | radical | tongue root |
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| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx |
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#### Passive Articulators
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| Feature | Articulator |
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|---------|------------------------|
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| `ulp` | upper lip |
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| `utt` | upper teeth |
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| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) |
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| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) |
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| `hpl` | hard palate |
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| `spl` | soft palate (velum) |
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| `uvu` | uvular |
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| `prx` | pharynx |
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| `egs` | epiglottis |
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| `gts` | glottis |
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### Rounding and Labialization
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| Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position |
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