diff --git a/docs/phoneme_model.md b/docs/phoneme_model.md index 6d33eb92..6a74e1d9 100644 --- a/docs/phoneme_model.md +++ b/docs/phoneme_model.md @@ -99,6 +99,63 @@ features: | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. | +## Place of Articulation + +The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and +one or more passive articulators\[9\]. The +possible places of articulation are: + +| Place of Articulation | Feature | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive | +|-----------------------|-----------|--------|-------|---------|---------| +| bilabial | `blb` | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | +| linguolabial | `lgl` | `lmn` | `ulp` | | | +| labiodental | `lbd` | `lbl` | | `utt` | | +| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | | +| interdental | `idt` | `lmn` | | `utt` | | +| dental | `dnt` | `apc` | | `utt` | | +| denti-alveolar | `dta` | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` | +| alveolar | `alv` | `lmn` | | | `alf` | +| apico-alveolar | `apa` | `apc` | | | `alf` | +| palato-alveolar | `pla` | `lmn` | | | `alb` | +| apical retroflex | `arf` | `sac` | | | `alb` | +| retroflex | `rfx` | `apc` | | | `hpl` | +| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | `dsl` | | | `alb` | +| palatal | `pal` | `dsl` | | | `hpl` | +| velar | `vel` | `dsl` | | | `spl` | +| labio-velar | `lbv` | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` | +| uvular | `uvl` | `dsl` | | | `uvu` | +| pharyngeal | `phr` | `rdl` | | | `prx` | +| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | `lyx` | | | `prx` | +| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | `lyx` | | | `egs` | +| glottal | `glt` | `lyx` | | | `gts` | + +### Active Articulators + +| Feature | Name | Articulator | +|---------|-----------|-------------------------| +| `lbl` | labial | lower lip | +| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade | +| `apc` | apical | tongue tip | +| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue | +| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body | +| `rdl` | radical | tongue root | +| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx | + +### Passive Articulators + +| Feature | Articulator | +|---------|------------------------| +| `ulp` | upper lip | +| `utt` | upper teeth | +| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | +| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | +| `hpl` | hard palate | +| `spl` | soft palate (velum) | +| `uvu` | uvular | +| `prx` | pharynx | +| `egs` | epiglottis | +| `gts` | glottis | + ## Phonation The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. @@ -136,6 +193,21 @@ The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) a [International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). -5. Wikipedia. +5. Dunn, R. H., + [Cainteoir Text-to-Speech Phoneme Features](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhdunn/cainteoir-engine/master/src/libcainteoir/phoneme/phoneme.cpp). 2013-2015. + +6. Wikipedia. + [Voiced glottal fricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative). 2017, + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +7. Wikipedia. [Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +8. Wikipedia. + [Fortis and lenis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis). 2017, + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +9. Wikipedia. + [Place of articulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation). 2017, + Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index 88f5b1c3..8b052bf2 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - [Gemination](#gemination) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) + - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Voice](#voice) - [Vowels](#vowels) - [Diacritics](#diacritics) @@ -11,9 +12,6 @@ - [Air Flow](#air-flow) - [Phonation](#phonation) - [Features](#features) - - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) - - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) - [Vowel Height](#vowel-height) - [Vowel Backness](#vowel-backness) @@ -424,6 +422,30 @@ features: | `lat` | lateral | | `sib` | sibilant | +### Place of Articulation + +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------------------| +| `blb` | bilabial | +| `lbd` | labiodental | +| `bld` | bilabial-labiodental | +| `dnt` | dental | +| `alv` | alveolar | +| `pla` | palato-alveolar | +| `rfx` | retroflex | +| `alp` | alveolo-palatal | +| `pal` | palatal | +| `vel` | velar | +| `lbv` | labio-velar | +| `uvl` | uvular | +| `phr` | pharyngeal | +| `glt` | glottal | + +The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` +onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the German p͡f consonant. + +__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal +consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. ### Voice @@ -498,6 +520,7 @@ above table. | Feature | Symbol | Name | |---------|--------|-----------------| | `lgl` | ◌̼ | linguolabial | +| `idt` | ◌̪͆ | interdental | | | ◌̪ | dental | | `apc` | ◌̺ | apical | | `lmn` | ◌̻ | laminal | @@ -539,79 +562,6 @@ equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. ## Features -### Place of Articulation - -The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and -one or more passive articulators\[9\]. The -possible places of articulation are: - -| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Teeth | Passive | -|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------|---------| -| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | | -| linguolabial | `lgl` | ◌̼ | `lmn` | `ulp` | | | -| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | | -| bilabial-labiodental | `bld` | | `bld` | `ulp` | `utt` | | -| interdental | `idt` | ◌̪͆ | `lmn` | | `utt` | | -| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | | -| denti-alveolar | `dta` | | `lmn` | | `utt` | `alf` | -| alveolar | `alv` | | `lmn` | | | `alf` | -| apico-alveolar | `apa` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `alf` | -| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | | `alb` | -| apical retroflex | `arf` | | `sac` | | | `alb` | -| retroflex | `rfx` | ◌̺ | `apc` | | | `hpl` | -| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | | `alb` | -| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | | `hpl` | -| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | | `spl` | -| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | | `spl` | -| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | | `uvu` | -| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | | `prx` | -| epiglotto-pharyngeal | `epp` | | `lyx` | | | `prx` | -| (ary-)epiglottal | `epg` | | `lyx` | | | `egs` | -| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | | `gts` | - -The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and -to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and -passive articulators are used. - -The ◌̪ diacritic is `lbd` when used on `blb` consonants, and `dnt` when used on -`alv` consonants. - -The `bld` place of articulation is used for `afr` consonants that have a `blb` -onset and a `lbd` release, e.g. in the p͡f consonant. - -The `alv` consonant is `lmn` as found in French and Spanish, while `apa` is -`apc` as found in English, as such ◌̻ (*laminal*) is not needed. - -__NOTE:__ The IPA charts make a distinction between pharyngeal and epiglottal -consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. - -#### Active Articulators - -| Feature | Name | Articulator | -|---------|-----------|-------------------------| -| `lbl` | labial | lower lip | -| `lmn` | laminal | tongue blade | -| `apc` | apical | tongue tip | -| `sac` | subapical | underside of the tongue | -| `dsl` | dorsal | tongue body | -| `rdl` | radical | tongue root | -| `lyx` | laryngeal | larynx | - -#### Passive Articulators - -| Feature | Articulator | -|---------|------------------------| -| `ulp` | upper lip | -| `utt` | upper teeth | -| `alf` | alveolar ridge (front) | -| `alb` | alveolar ridge (back) | -| `hpl` | hard palate | -| `spl` | soft palate (velum) | -| `uvu` | uvular | -| `prx` | pharynx | -| `egs` | epiglottis | -| `gts` | glottis | - ### Rounding and Labialization | Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position |