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docs/phonemes.md: restructure the phonation features.

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Reece H. Dunn
2017-01-23 21:42:34 +00:00
parent 58d97b0c88
commit 43f72c5e52
2 changed files with 50 additions and 22 deletions
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docs/phoneme_model.md
+23
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@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
- [Initiator](#initiator)
- [Target](#target)
- [Manner](#manner)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [References](#references)
----------
@@ -97,6 +99,27 @@ features:
| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |
## Phonation
The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.
| Feature | Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `vls` | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. |
| `brv` | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. |
| `slv` | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. |
| `mdv` | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. |
| `stv` | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. |
| `crv` | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. |
| `glc` | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. |
### Voice
| Voice | Feature | Phoneme Model |
|-----------|---------|---------------|
| voiceless | `vls` | `vls` |
| voiced | `vcd` | `mdv` |
## References
1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
docs/phonemes.md
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@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
- [Gemination](#gemination)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- [Voice](#voice)
- [Vowels](#vowels)
- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
- [Articulation](#articulation)
- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Features](#features)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Features](#features)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
- [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators)
@@ -361,24 +362,24 @@ the two.
</tr>
</table>
Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation.
Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`.
### Other Symbols
| Symbol | Alternative | Features |
|--------|-------------|-------------------------|
| ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` |
| w | ɰʷ | `vcd` `vel` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɥ | jʷ | `vcd` `pal` `ptr` `apr` |
| ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` |
| ɫ | | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` |
| ɫ | | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` |
| ɚ | | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| ɝ | | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
| k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` |
| ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` |
| ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` |
| ɡ͡b | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` |
| ŋ͡m | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` |
| p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` |
| b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` |
| b͡v | | `vcd` `bld` `afr` |
### Gemination
@@ -423,6 +424,14 @@ features:
| `lat` | lateral |
| `sib` | sibilant |
### Voice
| Feature | Name |
|---------|-----------|
| `vls` | voiceless |
| `vcd` | voiced |
## Vowels
<table>
@@ -514,26 +523,22 @@ The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref7">7</a>\]<
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).
## Features
### Phonation
The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.
| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description |
|---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. |
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. |
| `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. |
| Feature | Symbol | Name |
|---------|--------|-----------------|
| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice |
| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice |
| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice |
| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice |
| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure |
The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an
charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an
equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`.
## Features
### Place of Articulation
The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and