From 43f72c5e527de4c25eb6eab6954806ef7d2de087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 21:42:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] docs/phonemes.md: restructure the phonation features. --- docs/phoneme_model.md | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++ docs/phonemes.md | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/phoneme_model.md b/docs/phoneme_model.md index aaa90368..6d33eb92 100644 --- a/docs/phoneme_model.md +++ b/docs/phoneme_model.md @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ - [Initiator](#initiator) - [Target](#target) - [Manner](#manner) +- [Phonation](#phonation) + - [Voice](#voice) - [References](#references) ---------- @@ -97,6 +99,27 @@ features: | `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. | | `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. | +## Phonation + +The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. + +| Feature | Name | Description | +|---------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| `vls` | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. | +| `brv` | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. | +| `slv` | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. | +| `mdv` | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. | +| `stv` | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. | +| `crv` | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. | +| `glc` | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. | + +### Voice + +| Voice | Feature | Phoneme Model | +|-----------|---------|---------------| +| voiceless | `vls` | `vls` | +| voiced | `vcd` | `mdv` | + ## References 1. Kirshenbaum, Evan, diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index 9ee73c7b..88f5b1c3 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) - [Gemination](#gemination) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) + - [Voice](#voice) - [Vowels](#vowels) - [Diacritics](#diacritics) - [Articulation](#articulation) - [Air Flow](#air-flow) -- [Features](#features) - [Phonation](#phonation) +- [Features](#features) - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) @@ -361,24 +362,24 @@ the two. -Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation. +Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. ### Other Symbols | Symbol | Alternative | Features | |--------|-------------|-------------------------| | ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | -| w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | -| ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | +| w | ɰʷ | `vcd` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | +| ɥ | jʷ | `vcd` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | | ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | -| ɫ | | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | +| ɫ | | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | | ɚ | | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | ɝ | | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` | -| ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | -| ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | +| ɡ͡b | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` | +| ŋ͡m | | `vcd` `lbv` `stp` | | p͡f | | `vls` `bld` `afr` | -| b͡v | | `mdv` `bld` `afr` | +| b͡v | | `vcd` `bld` `afr` | ### Gemination @@ -423,6 +424,14 @@ features: | `lat` | lateral | | `sib` | sibilant | + +### Voice + +| Feature | Name | +|---------|-----------| +| `vls` | voiceless | +| `vcd` | voiced | + ## Vowels @@ -514,26 +523,22 @@ The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA\[7\]< They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). -## Features - ### Phonation -The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. - -| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | -|---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. | -| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. | -| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. | -| `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. | -| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. | -| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. | -| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. | +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | +| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | +| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | +| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | +| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant -charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an +charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. +## Features + ### Place of Articulation The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and