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Reece H. Dunn
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Z-SAMPA is a more complex specification than Kirshenbaum, X-SAMPA, and CXS. Additionally, it specifies phonemes such as palatal and velar trills that are not defined by IPA and in the context of the velar trill is marked as being impossible. As such, Z-SAMPA will not be supported in eSpeak NG for now. That may change in the future once support for the other transcription schemes has been implemented.
213 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
213 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) Transcription Scheme
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- [Phoneme Transcription Schemes](#phoneme-transcription-schemes)
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- [Consonants](#consonants)
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols)
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- [Vowels](#vowels)
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- [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1)
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- [Diacritics](#diacritics)
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- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals)
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- [Stress](#stress)
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- [Length](#length)
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- [References](#references)
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----------
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The Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) transcription scheme was created by Evan
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Kirshenbaum and others between 1991 and 1993 for use in Usenet and e-mail.
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Since then, the support for Unicode has greatly improved. An ASCII encoding
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of IPA is still useful as it is often easier to type.
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The Kirshenbaum transcription scheme defines a set of phoneme features that are
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described in eSpeak NG in the [phonemes](phonemes.md) document. The `cainteoir`
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and `espeak-ng` phoneme features defined in that document are not useable in
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transcriptions using the Kirshenbaum transcription scheme. They are used here
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where relevant to define the Kirshenbaum phonemes in a consistent way across
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the different transcription schemes.
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Broad (phonemic) transcriptions are enclosed in `/` characters (`/p/`), while
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narrow (phonetic) transcriptions are wrapped in `[` and `]` characters (`[p]`).
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A phoneme can be transcribed as a named phoneme (`p`), or as a set of features
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wrapped in `{` and `}` characters (`{vls,blb,stp}`). A feature (typically a
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diacritic) of a phoneme can be added or modified by wrapping the feature in `<`
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and `>` characters after the base phoneme (`p<dnt>`).
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## Phoneme Transcription Schemes
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| BCP47 Subtag | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding |
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|----------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------|
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| [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode |
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| [`fonxsamp`](xsampa.md) | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII |
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| [`x-foncxs`](cxs.md) | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII |
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| `x-fonkirsh` | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII |
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1. `foncxs` and `fonkirsh` are private use extensions defined in
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the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions)
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file, so have the `x-` private use specifier before their subtag names.
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## Consonants
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| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | |
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|-----------------------------|----------|----------|-------|----------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|-------|----------|-------|--------|
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
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| `nas` | | `m` | | `M` | | `n[` | | `n` | | | | `n.` | | | | `n^` | | `N` | | `n"` | | | | |
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| `stp` | `p` | `b` | | | `t[` | `d[` | `t` | `d` | | | `t.` | `d.` | | | `c` | `J` | `k` | `g` | `q` | `G` | | | `?` | |
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| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | `s` | `z` | `S` | `Z` | `s.` | `z.` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `frc` | `P` | `B` | `f` | `v` | `T` | `D` | | | | | | | | | `C` | `C<vcd>` | `x` | `Q` | `X` | `g"` | `H` | `H<vcd>` | `h` | `h<?>` |
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| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | `s<lat>` | `z<lat>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `apr` | | | | `r<lbd>` | | `r[` | | `r` | | | | `r.` | | | | `j` | | `j<vel>` | | `g"` | | | | |
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| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | `l[` | | `l` | | | | `l.` | | | | `l^` | | `L` | | | | | | |
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| `flp` | | | | | | | | `*` | | | | `*.` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | `*<lat>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `trl` | | `b<trl>` | | | | | | `r<trl>` | | | | | | | | | | | | `r"` | | | | |
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| `clk` | `p!` | | | | `t!` | | `c!` | | | | | | | | `c!` | | `k!` | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | `l!` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `imp` | | `` b` `` | | | | `` d` `` | | `` d` `` | | | | | | | | `` J` `` | | `` g` `` | | `` G` `` | | | | |
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| `ejc` | `` p` `` | | | | `` t[` `` | | `` t` `` | | | | | | | | `` c` `` | | `` k` `` | | `` q` `` | | | | | |
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| `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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1. `h` is transcribed as `{glt,apr}` in ASCII-IPA. It is transcribed as
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`{glt,frc}` in this document to match the assignment used in the
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Wikipedia IPA table, and the placement in other documents in eSpeak NG.
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The IPA chart places them as being `{frc}` or `{apr}`, as does the main
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Wikipedia page for the `[h]` phoneme.
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1. The `` q` `` phoneme is incorrectly placed in the segment table (Appendix D)
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of the ASCII-IPA document. According to the diacritics list (Appendix C),
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the `` ` `` character denotes an `{ejc}` phoneme for a `{vls}` base
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phoneme, not `{imp}` which is used for `{vcd}` base phonemes. The table
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above uses the correct assignment.
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1. The `L` phoneme has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document only
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describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum.
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### Other Symbols
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| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | |
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|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|----------|-------|
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| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` |
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| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | `n<lbv>` | | |
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| `stp` | | | | | | | | | `t<lbv>` | `d<lbv>` | | |
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| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | | | | `w<vls>` | `w` |
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| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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1. The `w` phoneme is transcribed as being `{vcd,lbv,frc}` or `{lbv,apr}`, and
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`w<vls>` as `{vls,lbv,frc}` in ASCII-IPA. They are transcribed as
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`{ptr,vel,apr}` in this document to match their definition as labialized
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velar approximants in the IPA chart.
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## Vowels
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| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | |
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|--------|-------|-------|----------|-------|-------|-------|
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| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` |
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| `hgh` | `i` | `y` | `i"` | `u"` | `u-` | `u` |
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| `smh` | `I` | `I.` | | | | `U` |
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| `umd` | `e` | `Y` | `@<umd>` | | `o-` | `o` |
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| `mid` | | | `@` | `@.` | | |
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| `lmd` | `E` | `W` | `V"` | `O"` | `V` | `O` |
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| `sml` | `&` | | | | | |
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| `low` | `a` | `a.` | | | `A` | `A.` |
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1. The `&` phoneme is transcribed as being `{low,fnt,unr,vwl}`, and `a` as
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`{low,cnt,unr,vwl}` in ASCII-IPA. This does not match their placement in
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the IPA chart according to the Unicode characters those ASCII-IPA
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phonemes map to. As such, the table above reflects their IPA chart
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positions.
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1. The `&.` phoneme is defined in the segment table (Appendix D) of the
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ASCII-IPA definition. According to the IPA charts, this is not a valid
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phoneme. As such, it is not listed in the table above.
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1. The `W` and `Y` phonemes have an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This
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document only describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum.
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### Other Symbols
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| Symbol | Features |
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|----------|-------------------------------|
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| `R` | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
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| `R<umd>` | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` |
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1. The `R<umd>` phoneme is transcribed as being `{umd,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl}` in
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ASCII-IPA. However, the IPA phoneme it is representing is based on the
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`{lmd}` vowel. The table above keeps the `<umd>` modifying feature to be
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compatible with ASCII-IPA, but assigns it to `{lmd}` in this case to be
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compatible with the IPA chart.
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1. The `R` phoneme has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document only
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describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum.
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## Diacritics
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| Symbol | Feature |
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|--------|---------|
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| `!` | `{clk}` |
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| `[` | `{dnt}` |
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| `;` | `{pzd}` |
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| `^` | `{pal}` |
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| `<H>` | `{fzd}` |
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| `<h>` | `{asp}` |
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| `<o>` | `{unx}` |
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| `<r>` | `{rzd}` |
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| `<w>` | `{ptr}` |
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| `<?>` | `{brv}` |
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1. The `<o>` diacritic has an alternate meaning in ASCII-IPA. This document
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only describes the variant preferred by Evan Kirshenbaum.
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1. The `{ptr}` (protruded) feature is specified as `{lzd}` (labialized) in
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ASCII-IPA.
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1. The `{brv}` (breathy voice) feature is specified as `{mrm}` (murmured)
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in ASCII-IPA.
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The ASCII-IPA transcription scheme defines several diacritics that vary in
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meaning depending on whether the base phoneme is a vowel or consonant.
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| Symbol | Vowel | Consonant |
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|--------|---------|-----------|
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| `~` | `{nzd}` | `{vzd}` |
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| `-` | `{unr}` | `{syl}` |
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| `.` | `{rnd}` | `{rfx}` |
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| `"` | `{cnt}` | `{uvl}` |
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The ASCII-IPA transcription scheme defines several diacritics that vary in
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meaning depending on the voicing of the base phoneme.
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| Symbol | Voiceless | Voiced |
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|---------|-----------|---------|
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| `` ` `` | `{ejc}` | `{imp}` |
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## Suprasegmentals
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### Stress
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| Symbol | Name |
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|--------|------------------|
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| `'` | primary stress |
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| `,` | secondary stress |
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### Length
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| Symbol | Feature |
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|--------|---------|
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| `:` | `{lng}` |
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## References
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML).
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<time datetime="1993-01-04T00:00">1993</time>. Updated <time datetime="2003-04-30T00:00">2003</time>.
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF).
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<time datetime="2001-02-22T00:00">2001</time>. Updated <time datetime="2011-09-06T00:00">2011</time>.
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