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119 lines
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119 lines
6.1 KiB
Markdown
# Phoneme Model
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
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- [Air Flow](#air-flow)
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- [Initiator](#initiator)
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- [Target](#target)
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- [Manner](#manner)
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- [References](#references)
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----------
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Evan Kirshenbaum's feature set used in his ASCII transcription of the
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)<sup>\[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\],
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\[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup> describes the phonemes in a way consistent with
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how the phonemes are organised in the IPA code chart. That is the approach used
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in the [Phonemes](phonemes.md) document to describe the phonemes in a phoneme
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definition file.
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Those phoneme features often represent the action of more than one articulatory
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mechanism used to produce speech, or affect the same area. Internally, espeak-ng
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makes use of the articulatory model, not the IPA descriptions. This document
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describes how the feature-based IPA model is mapped to the articulatory model.
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People working on adding new voices or languages do not need to read this
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document, but should instead read the [Phonemes](phonemes.md) document. This is
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intended for people working on the espeak-ng codebase, or people interested in
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how espeak-ng works internally.
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__NOTE:__ This model is in the process of being implemented. As such, the
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current implementation does not reflect this document.
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## Manner of Articulation
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The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature
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types. The possible manners of articulation are:
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| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Phoneme Model |
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|------------------------|-----------|-----------------------|
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| nasal | `nas` | `pmc egs nsl occ` |
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| plosive (stop) | `stp` | `pmc egs orl occ` |
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| affricate | `afr` | `pmc egs orl occ frr` |
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| fricative | `frc` | `pmc egs orl frv` |
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| tap/flap | `flp` | `pmc egs orl fla` |
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| trill | `trl` | `pmc egs orl tri` |
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| approximant | `apr` | `pmc egs orl app` |
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| click | `clk` | `vlc igs orl` |
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| ejective | `ejc` | `vlc igs orl occ` |
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| implosive | `imp` | `gtc igs` |
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| vowel | `vwl` | `pmc egs orl vow` |
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For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for
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the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`.
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The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
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while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
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place of articulation features.
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Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
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features:
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| Feature | Name | Description |
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|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. |
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| `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. |
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### Air Flow
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| Feature | Name | Description |
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|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `egs` | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. |
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| `igs` | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. |
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### Initiator
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| Feature | Name | Description |
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|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `pmc` | pulmonic | The diaphragm and lungs are used to generate the airstream. |
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| `gtc` | glottalic | The glottis is used to generate the airstream. |
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| `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. |
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| `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. |
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### Target
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| Feature | Name | Description |
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|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------|
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| `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. |
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| `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. |
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### Manner
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| Feature | Name | Description |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| `occ` | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. |
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| `frv` | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. |
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| `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. |
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| `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. |
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| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
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| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |
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## References
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 1993.
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 2001.
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3. <a name="ref3"></a> International Phonetic Association,
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[The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart). 2015.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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4. <a name="ref4"></a> Wikipedia.
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[International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017.
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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5. <a name="ref7"></a> Wikipedia.
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[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet). 2017,
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Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA).
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