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125 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
125 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
# Phoneme Features
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- [Phoneme Type](#phoneme-type)
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- [Consonants](#consonants)
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- [Voicing](#voicing)
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- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
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- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
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- [Vowels](#vowels)
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- [Height](#height)
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- [Backness](#backness)
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- [Rounding](#rounding)
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- [Additional Features](#additional-features)
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- [References](#references)
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----------
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Evan Kirshenbaum created an ASCII transcription of the International Phonetic
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Alphabet<sup> \[<a href="#ref1">1</a>\], \[<a href="#ref2">2</a>\]</sup>. As
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well as using ASCII characters for specific IPA phonemes, this transcription
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provides a set of 3-letter feature abbreviations allowing a phoneme to be
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described as a sequence of features.
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This document describes the features used by Kirshenbaum.
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## Phoneme Type
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `vwl` | `vwl` | vowel |
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## Consonants
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### Voicing
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `vcd` | `vcd` | voiced |
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| `vls` | `vls` | voiceless |
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### Place of Articulation
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `blb` | `blb` | bilabial |
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| `lbd` | `lbd` | labio-dental |
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| `dnt` | `dnt` | dental |
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| `alv` | `alv` | alveolar |
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| `rfx` | `rfx` | retroflex |
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| `pla` | `pla` | palato-alveolar |
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| `pal` | `pal` | palatal |
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| `vel` | `vel` | velar |
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| `lbv` | `lbv` | labio-velar |
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| `uvl` | `uvl` | uvular |
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| `phr` | `phr` | pharyngeal |
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| `glt` | `glt` | glottal |
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### Manner of Articulation
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `stp` | `stp` | stop |
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| `frc` | `frc` | fricative |
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| `nas` | `nas` | nasal |
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| `orl` | `orl` | oral |
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| `apr` | `apr` | approximant |
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| `lat` | `lat` | lateral |
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| `ctl` | `ctl` | central |
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| `trl` | `trl` | trill |
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| `flp` | `flp` | tap/flap |
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| `clk` | `clk` | click |
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| `ejc` | `ejc` | ejective |
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| `imp` | `imp` | implosive |
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## Vowels
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### Height
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `hgh` | `hgh` | high |
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| `smh` | `smh` | semi-high |
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| `umd` | `umd` | upper-mid |
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| `mid` | `mid` | mid |
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| `lmd` | `lmd` | lower-mid |
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| `low` | `low` | low |
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### Backness
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `fnt` | `fnt` | front |
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| `cnt` | `cnt` | center |
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| `bck` | `bck` | back |
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### Rounding
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `unr` | `unr` | unrounded |
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| `rnd` | `rnd` | rounded |
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## Additional Features
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| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name |
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|---------|-------------|-----------------|
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| `asp` | `asp` | aspirated |
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| `unx` | `unx` | unexploded |
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| `syl` | `syl` | syllabic |
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| `mrm` | `mrm` | murmured |
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| `lng` | `lng` | long |
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| `vzd` | `vzd` | velarized |
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| `lzd` | `lzd` | labialized |
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| `pzd` | `pzd` | palatalized |
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| `rzd` | `rzd` | rhoticized |
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| `nzd` | `nzd` | nasalized |
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| `fzd` | `fzd` | pharyngealized |
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## References
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html](Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII) (HTML). 1993.
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2. <a name="ref2"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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[http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf](Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII) (PDF). 2001.
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