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161 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
161 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# Table of contents
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* [Phonemes](#phonemes)
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* [English Consonants](#english-consonants)
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* [Some Additional Consonants](#some-additional-consonants)
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* [English Vowels](#english-vowels)
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* [Some Additional Vowels](#some-additional-vowels)
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# Phonemes
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In general a different set of phonemes can be defined for each language.
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In most cases different languages inherit the same basic set of
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consonants. They can add to these or modify them as needed.
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The phoneme mnemonics are based on the scheme by Kirshenbaum which
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represents International Phonetic Alphabet symbols using ascii
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characters. See:
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[www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf).
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Phoneme mnemonics can be used directly in the text input to
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**espeak-ng**. They are enclosed within double square brackets. Spaces
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are used to separate words, and all stressed syllables must be marked
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explicitly. eg:
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\[[D,Is Iz sVm f@n'EtIk t'Ekst 'InpUt]\]
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## English Consonants
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[p\] | \[b\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[t\] | \[d\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[tS\] **ch**urch | \[dZ\] **j**udge |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[k\] | \[g\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[f\] | \[v\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[T\] **th**in | \[D\] **th**is |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[s\] | \[z\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[S\] **sh**op | \[Z\] plea**s**ure |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[h\] | |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[m\] | \[n\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[N\] si**ng** | |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[l\] | \[r\] **r**ed (Omitted if not immediately followed by a vowel). |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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|\[j\] **y**es | \[w\] |
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+----------------+-------------------------------+
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## Some Additional Consonants
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+-------------------------+---------------------------+
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| \[C]\ German i**ch** | \[x\] German bu**ch** |
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+---------------------+-------------------------------+
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| \[l^\] Italian **g**li | \[n^\] Spanish **ñ** |
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+-------------------------+---------------------------+
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## English Vowels
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These are the phonemes which are used by the English spelling-to-phoneme
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translations (en\_rules and en\_list). In some varieties of English
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different phonemes may have the same sound, but they are kept separate
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because they may differ in another variety.
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In rhotic accents, such as General American, the phonemes
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`[3:], [A@], [e@], [i@], [O@], [U@]` include the "r" sound.
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[@\] | alph**a** | schwa |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[3\] | bett**er** | rhotic schwa. In British English this is the same as \[@\], |
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| | | but it includes 'r' colouring in American and other rhotic accents. |
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| | | In these cases a separate \[r\] should not be included unless it is |
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| | | followed immediately by another vowel. |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[3:\] | n**ur**se | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[@L\] | simp**le** | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[@2\] | the Used only for "the". | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[@5\] | to Used only for "to". | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[a\] | tr**a**p | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[aa\] | b**a**th | This is \[a\] in some accents, \[A:\] in others. |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[a#\] | **a**bout | This may be \[@\] or may be a more open schwa. |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[A:\] | p**al**m | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[A@\] | st**ar**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[E\] | dr**e**ss | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[e@\] | squ**are** | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[I\] | k**i**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[I2\] | **i**ntend | As \[I\], but also indicates an unstressed syllable. |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[i\] | happ**y** | An unstressed "i" sound at the end of a word. |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[i:\] | fl**ee**ce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[i@\] | n**ear** | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[0\] | l**o**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[V\] | str**u**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[u:\] | g**oo**se | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[U\] | f**oo**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[U@\] | c**ure** | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[O:\] | th**ou**ght | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[O@\] | n**or**th | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[o@\] | f**or**ce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[aI\] | pr**i**ce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[eI\] | f**a**ce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[OI\] | ch**oi**ce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[aU\] | m**ou**th | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[oU\] | g**oa**t | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[aI@\] | sc**ie**nce | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|\[aU@\] | h**our** | |
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+---------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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## Some Additional Vowels
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Other languages will have their own vowel definitions, eg:
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+---------+--------------------------------------+
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| \[e\] | German **eh**, French **é** |
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+-------------------+----------------------------+
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| \[o\] | German **oo**, French **o** |
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+-------------------+----------------------------+
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| \[y\] | German **ü**, French **u** |
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+-------------------+----------------------------+
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| \[Y\] | German **ö**, French **oe** |
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+---------+--------------------------------------+
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**\[:\]** can be used to lengthen a vowel, eg \[e:\]
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