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110 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
110 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
# Table of contents
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* [Phonemes](#phonemes)
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* [English Consonants](#english-consonants)
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* [Some Additional Consonants](#some-additional-consonants)
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* [English Vowels](#english-vowels)
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* [Some Additional Vowels](#some-additional-vowels)
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# Phonemes
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In general a different set of phonemes can be defined for each language.
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In most cases different languages inherit the same basic set of
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consonants. They can add to these or modify them as needed.
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The phoneme mnemonics are based on the scheme by Kirshenbaum which
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represents International Phonetic Alphabet symbols using ascii
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characters. See:
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[www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf](http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf).
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Phoneme mnemonics can be used directly in the text input to
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**espeak-ng**. They are enclosed within double square brackets. Spaces
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are used to separate words, and all stressed syllables must be marked
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explicitly. eg:
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\[[D,Is Iz sVm f@n'EtIk t'Ekst 'InpUt]\]
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## English Consonants
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Phoneme|Phoneme
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----------------|-----------
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\[p\] | \[b\]
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\[t\] | \[d\]
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\[tS\] **ch**urch | \[dZ\] **j**udge
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\[k\] | \[g\]
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\[f\] | \[v\]
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\[T\] **th**in | \[D\] **th**is
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\[s\] | \[z\]
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\[S\] **sh**op | \[Z\] plea**s**ure
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\[h\] |
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\[m\] | \[n\]
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\[N\] si**ng** |
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\[l\] | \[r\] **r**ed (Omitted if not immediately followed by a vowel). |
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\[j\] **y**es | \[w\]
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## Some Additional Consonants
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Phoneme|Phoneme
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------------------------|-----------
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\[C]\ German i**ch** | \[x\] German bu**ch**
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\[l^\] Italian **g**li | \[n^\] Spanish **ñ**
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## English Vowels
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These are the phonemes which are used by the English spelling-to-phoneme
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translations (en\_rules and en\_list). In some varieties of English
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different phonemes may have the same sound, but they are kept separate
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because they may differ in another variety.
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In rhotic accents, such as General American, the phonemes
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`[3:], [A@], [e@], [i@], [O@], [U@]` include the "r" sound.
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Phoneme|Pronunciation|Description
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----------|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------
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\[@\] | alph**a** | schwa
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\[3\] | bett**er** | rhotic schwa. In British English this is the same as \[@\], but it includes 'r' colouring in American and other rhotic accents. In these cases a separate \[r\] should not be included unless it is followed immediately by another vowel.
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\[3:\] | n**ur**se |
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\[@L\] | simp**le** |
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\[@2\] | the Used only for "the". |
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\[@5\] | to Used only for "to". |
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\[a\] | tr**a**p |
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\[aa\] | b**a**th | This is \[a\] in some accents, \[A:\] in others.
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\[a#\] | **a**bout | This may be \[@\] or may be a more open schwa.
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\[A:\] | p**al**m |
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\[A@\] | st**ar**t |
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\[E\] | dr**e**ss |
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\[e@\] | squ**are** |
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\[I\] | k**i**t |
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\[I2\] | **i**ntend | As \[I\], but also indicates an unstressed syllable.
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\[i\] | happ**y** | An unstressed "i" sound at the end of a word.
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\[i:\] | fl**ee**ce |
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\[i@\] | n**ear** |
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\[0\] | l**o**t |
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\[V\] | str**u**t |
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\[u:\] | g**oo**se |
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\[U\] | f**oo**t |
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\[U@\] | c**ure** |
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\[O:\] | th**ou**ght |
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\[O@\] | n**or**th |
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\[o@\] | f**or**ce |
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\[aI\] | pr**i**ce |
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\[eI\] | f**a**ce |
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\[OI\] | ch**oi**ce |
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\[aU\] | m**ou**th |
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\[oU\] | g**oa**t |
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\[aI@\] | sc**ie**nce |
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\[aU@\] | h**our** |
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## Some Additional Vowels
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Other languages will have their own vowel definitions, eg:
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Phoneme|Description
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\[e\] | German **eh**, French **é**
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\[o\] | German **oo**, French **o**
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\[y\] | German **ü**, French **u**
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\[Y\] | German **ö**, French **oe**
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**\[:\]** can be used to lengthen a vowel, eg \[e:\]
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