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docs/phonemes.md: describe the tones using properties, not features.
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@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@
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- [Length](#length)
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- [Rhythm](#rhythm)
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- [Intonation](#intonation)
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- [Tone Stepping](#tone-stepping)
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- [Properties](#properties)
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- [Tones](#tones)
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- [Tone Stepping](#tone-stepping)
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- [References](#references)
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----------
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@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ organised. This document uses the Kirshenbaum features as a base to work from,
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but extends them to describe the underlying phonetic processes in a way that
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is consistent between languages and voices.
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This document is grouped into two sections. The first section displays the IPA
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This document is grouped into three sections. The first section displays the IPA
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charts using the feature names instead of their names, showing the IPA phoneme
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at that position in the chart. This makes it easier to look up the features for
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a given IPA phoneme.
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@@ -55,6 +56,10 @@ The second section lists the features and their associated name. The Wikipedia
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IPA<sup>\[<a href="#ref4">4</a>\]</sup> article can be used as a starting point
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into the various phonetic topics contained in this document.
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The third section describes the properties (named values) used to describe the
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phonemes. These, in addition to the features, should allow all possible phonemes
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from any language to be described.
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The goal of this document is not to provide a detailed guide on phonetics.
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Instead, it is designed to be a transcription guide on how to specify phonemes
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in a language or voice so that the narrow transcriptions are consistent between
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@@ -786,16 +791,6 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead.
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| `glr` | ↗ | global rise |
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| `glf` | ↘ | global fall |
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### Tones
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| Tone | Symbol | Start | Middle | End |
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|--------------------|--------|-------|--------|-------|
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| extra high (top) | ◌˥ | `ts5` | `tm5` | `te5` |
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| high | ◌˦ | `ts4` | `tm4` | `te4` |
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| mid | ◌˧ | `ts3` | `tm3` | `te3` |
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| low | ◌˨ | `ts2` | `tm2` | `te2` |
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| extra low (bottom) | ◌˩ | `ts1` | `tm1` | `te1` |
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#### Tone Stepping
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| Feature | Symbol | Name |
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@@ -803,6 +798,32 @@ the [length](#length) suprasegmentals are used instead.
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| `dst` | ꜛ◌ | downstep |
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| `ust` | ꜜ◌ | upstep |
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## Properties
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### Tones
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Tones are defined using the following 3 properties:
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tone_start <value>
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tone_middle <value>
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tone_end <value>
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The `<value>` field for these properties is a number with one of the following
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values:
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| Tone | Symbol | `<value>` |
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|--------------------|--------|-----------|
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| extra high (top) | ◌˥ | `5` |
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| high | ◌˦ | `4` |
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| mid | ◌˧ | `3` |
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| low | ◌˨ | `2` |
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| extra low (bottom) | ◌˩ | `1` |
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A *level* tone can be specified by just using the `tone_start` value. A *raising*
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or *falling* tone can be specified using the `tone_start` and `tone_end` values.
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A *raising-falling* (*peaking*) or *falling-raising* (*dipping*) tone can be
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specified using all three values.
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## References
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1. <a name="ref1"></a> Kirshenbaum, Evan,
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