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espeak-ng/phsource/phonemes
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Lucas Werkmeister ca2ca4c5cb Add Sindarin ⟨ae⟩, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨oe⟩, ⟨ui⟩ diphthongs 
For ⟨ae⟩, we used to use the Latin [[aI]] phoneme, which sounds like
/ae/. Call that phoneme [[aE]] for us and introduce a separate [[aI]]
one, which sounds more like /ai/ (since Sindarin has both, and they’re
supposed to sound different, though Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings
notes that there is nothing closely corresponding to ⟨ae⟩ in English and
that it may be pronounced like ⟨ai⟩). Furthermore, for ⟨oe⟩, just remove
the TODO – the Latin phoneme is called [[OI]] but sounds more like /oe/
than /oi/, so it’s actually just fine for our purposes. Finally, the
⟨ui⟩ diphthong is copied from Finnish, just like in Quenya.
2021-07-18 13:28:02 +02:00

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This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
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// This is the master phoneme file.
//*******************************************************************
// Stress Phonemes
//*******************************************************************
phoneme % // Unstressed
stress
stress_type 1
endphoneme
phoneme %% // Diminished stress
stress
stress_type 0
endphoneme
phoneme \, // [,] Secondary stress
stress
stress_type 2
endphoneme
phoneme \,\, // [,,] Secondary stress
stress
stress_type 3
endphoneme
phoneme ' // Primary stress
stress
stress_type 4
endphoneme
phoneme '' // Primary stress (priority)
stress
stress_type 5
endphoneme
phoneme '! // Primary stress (emphasized)
stress
stress_type 6
endphoneme
phoneme = // Place stress on previous vowel
stress
stress_type 2
endphoneme
phonemetable base1 base
// The base phoneme table contains the utility phonemes, the consonants,
// and a schwa. The vowels are defined in the language specific phoneme
// tables, which can also redefine consonants if they wish.
//*******************************************************************
// UTILITY PHONEMES
//*******************************************************************
phoneme || // End Word
pause
lengthmod 9 // no effect
endphoneme
phoneme _ // Short pause
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 25
endphoneme
phoneme _! // Short pause, don't replace by linking
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
nolink
length 35
endphoneme
phoneme _| // Very short pause
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 5
length 1
endphoneme
phoneme _: // Standard pause
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 75
endphoneme
phoneme _:: // Long pause
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 150
endphoneme
phoneme _;_ // clause pause
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 200
endphoneme
phoneme _^_ // Change dictionary (followed by language-code in ascii
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 10
endphoneme
phoneme _X1 // a language specific action
pause
starttype _ endtype _
lengthmod 1
length 10
endphoneme
phoneme ? // glottal stp
vls glt stp
lengthmod 3 // ??
nolink
Vowelin glstop
Vowelout glstop
WAV(ustop/null)
endphoneme
phoneme : // lengthen previous vowel by "length"
virtual
length 70
endphoneme
phoneme - // Indicates the previous phoneme is a syllabic consonant
virtual
endphoneme
// Some default vowel definitions
phoneme @ // Schwa, e.g. alph**a**
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
unstressed
length 140
FMT(vowel/@)
endphoneme
phoneme @- // very short schwa
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
unstressed nsy
ipa ə
IF nextPhW(*) OR nextPhW(r) THEN
ipa NULL // @-* is used to make 'r'
ENDIF
length 50
FMT(vowel/@-)
endphoneme
phoneme a // tr**a**p
vwl starttype #a endtype #a
length 180
FMT(vowel/a)
endphoneme
phoneme e // German **eh**, French **é**
vwl starttype #e endtype #e
length 170
FMT(vowel/e)
endphoneme
phoneme i
vwl starttype #i endtype #i
length 170
IfNextVowelAppend(;)
FMT(vowel/i)
endphoneme
phoneme o // German **oo**, French **o**
vwl starttype #o endtype #o
length 170
FMT(vowel/oo)
endphoneme
phoneme u
vwl starttype #u endtype #u
length 170
FMT(vowel/u)
endphoneme
// Syllablic consonants
//=====================
phoneme m-
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
ipa mU+0329
lengthmod 4
length 170
IF thisPh(isWordStart) THEN
length 190
ENDIF
IF KlattSynth THEN
FMT(klatt/m-syl)
ENDIF
FMT(m/m-syl)
endphoneme
phoneme n-
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
ipa nU+0329
lengthmod 4
length 170
IF thisPh(isWordStart) THEN
length 190
ENDIF
IF KlattSynth THEN
FMT(klatt/n-syl)
ENDIF
FMT(n/n-syl)
endphoneme
phoneme N-
vwl starttype #e endtype #e
ipa ŋU+0329
lengthmod 4
length 190
FMT(nn/nn-syl)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// Other sounds
//*******************************************************************
phoneme #X1 // click, use for indicating capital letters
vls alv frc sib
lengthmod 3
WAV(ustop/percus10, 60)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// VIRTUAL - referred to in vowels' vwl starttype and endtype
// These each apply to a class of vowels
//*******************************************************************
phoneme #@ virtual
endphoneme
phoneme #a virtual
endphoneme
phoneme #e virtual
endphoneme
phoneme #i virtual
endphoneme
phoneme #o virtual
endphoneme
phoneme #u virtual
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// SONORANTS
//*******************************************************************
phoneme r- // syllabic r
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
ipa rU+0329
unstressed
length 220
FMT(vowelr/r-voc)
endphoneme
phoneme l- // syllabic l
vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
ipa lU+0329
unstressed
length 200
FMT(vwl_hi/l-voc)
endphoneme
phoneme r // **r**ed (Omitted if not immediately followed by a vowel)
liquid rhotic
ipa ɹ
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(r/)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(r/r@, -15)
VowelStart(r/ra, -15)
VowelStart(r/re, -15)
VowelStart(r/ri, -15)
VowelStart(r/ro, -15)
VowelStart(r/ru, -15)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
VowelEnding(r/xr, -50)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(r/_r)
ELIF prevPh(t) OR prevPh(p) OR prevPh(k) THEN
FMT(r/tr)
ENDIF
FMT(r/r)
endphoneme
phoneme r/ // used for [r] when not preceding a vowel
liquid rhotic
lengthmod 2
IF nextPh(n) THEN
FMT(r3/r_n) addWav(r3/rx)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(t) OR prevPh(p) OR prevPh(k) THEN
FMT(r/trr)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(r/rr)
ENDIF
FMT(r3/r_) addWav(r3/rx)
endphoneme
phoneme R
liquid trl
lengthmod 6
ipa r
IF nextPhW(R2) THEN
ipa NULL
ENDIF
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1600 -300 300 f3=-200 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1600 -300 300 f3=-200 80 brk
FMT(r3/r_trill2) addWav(r3/r_trill2.wav, 65)
endphoneme
phoneme R2 // this is [R] from Slovak/Czech
liquid trl
lengthmod 6
ipa r
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-300 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-300 80 brk
FMT(r3/r_trill) addWav(r3/r_trill.wav, 50)
endphoneme
phoneme R3 // Afrikaans
liquid trl
lengthmod 6
length 60
ipa r
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 -300 -200 f3=-1300 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 -200 f3=-1300 80
// vowel modifier is the same as for [r]
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(r/r@, -15)
VowelStart(r/ra, -15)
VowelStart(r/re, -15)
VowelStart(r/ri, -15)
VowelStart(r/ro, -15)
VowelStart(r/ru, -15)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
VowelEnding(r/xr, -50)
ENDIF
FMT(r3/r_trill) addWav(r3/r_trill3.wav)
endphoneme
phoneme r" // uvular trill
vcd uvl frc
ipa ʀ
lengthmod 6
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(r3/r_uvl) addWav(r3/r_uvl.wav, 50)
ENDIF
FMT(r3/r_uvl) addWav(r3/r_uvl.wav, 75)
endphoneme
procedure vowelstart_l
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(l/l@)
VowelStart(l/la)
VowelStart(l/le)
VowelStart(l/li, -10)
VowelStart(l/lo)
VowelStart(l/lu)
EndSwitch
endprocedure
phoneme l
liquid
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(l/)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
// in case the next phoneme is no longer a vowel, in pass=2
PrevVowelEndings
VowelEnding(l/L1_@L, -60)
VowelEnding(l/L1_aL, -40)
VowelEnding(l/L1_eL, -30)
VowelEnding(l/L1_iL, -30)
VowelEnding(l/L1_oL, -40)
VowelEnding(l/L1_uL, -40)
EndSwitch
FMT(l/l_)
RETURN
ENDIF
CALL vowelstart_l
IF prevPh(#@) THEN
VowelEnding(l/xl, -50)
ELIF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
VowelEnding(l/xl, -40)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(l/_l)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(t) THEN
FMT(l/tl)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(l/) THEN
FMT(l/l_long) // double l, make it longer
ENDIF
FMT(l/l)
endphoneme
phoneme l/ // used for [l] when not before a vowel
liquid
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(l)
ENDIF
PrevVowelEndings
VowelEnding(l/L1_@L, -60)
VowelEnding(l/L1_aL, -40)
VowelEnding(l/L1_eL, -30)
VowelEnding(l/L1_iL, -30)
VowelEnding(l/L1_oL, -40)
VowelEnding(l/L1_uL, -40)
EndSwitch
// we need to replace these with new FMT sequeces for jl and wl
IF prevPhW(j) THEN
FMT(l/L1_eL)
ENDIF
IF prevPhW(w) THEN
FMT(l/L1_eL)
ENDIF
FMT(l/l_)
endphoneme
phoneme l/2 // 'dark' [l] after a vowel
liquid
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(l)
ENDIF
CALL vowelstart_l
IF prevPhW(j) THEN
FMT(l/L2_eL)
ENDIF
IF prevPhW(w) THEN
FMT(l/L2_uL)
ENDIF
PrevVowelEndings
VowelEnding(l/L2_@L, -60)
VowelEnding(l/L2_aL, -50)
VowelEnding(l/L2_eL, -40)
VowelEnding(l/L2_iL, -30)
VowelEnding(l/L2_oL, -50)
VowelEnding(l/L2_uL, -40)
EndSwitch
endphoneme
phoneme l/3 // Replacement for [l/]
liquid
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(l)
ENDIF
PrevVowelEndings
VowelEnding(l/l_@)
VowelEnding(l/l_a)
VowelEnding(l/l_e)
VowelEnding(l/l_i)
VowelEnding(l/l_o)
VowelEnding(l/l_u, -20)
EndSwitch
// IF nextPh(isLiquid) THEN
// FMT(l/_l)
// ENDIF
FMT(l/l_)
endphoneme
phoneme l^ // palatal l, e.g. Italian **g**li
liquid
ipa ʎ
lengthmod 7
Vowelout len=60 lenadd rate
length 100
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(l^/j2@)
VowelStart(l^/j2a)
VowelStart(l^/j2e)
VowelStart(l^/j2i)
VowelStart(l^/j2o)
VowelStart(l^/j2u)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(l^/_l^)
ENDIF
FMT(l^/l^)
endphoneme
phoneme l.
liquid rfx
ipa ɭ
lengthmod 7
FMT(l^/l_rfx)
endphoneme
phoneme L/
import_phoneme base1/l/2
endphoneme
phoneme L // velar L
liquid
lengthmod 7
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(L/) // use 'dark' [l] after a vowel
ENDIF
VowelEnding(ll/xll, -40)
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(ll/_ll)
ENDIF
FMT(ll/ll)
endphoneme
phoneme w
liquid
lengthmod 7
starttype #u
IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(w/w@)
VowelStart(w/wa)
VowelStart(w/we)
VowelStart(w/wi)
VowelStart(w/wo)
VowelStart(w/wu)
EndSwitch
VowelEnding(w/xw, -30)
IF prevPhW(isNasal) THEN
FMT(w/w)
ELSEIF prevPhW(h) THEN
// none, [hw]
ELSE
FMT(w/_w)
ENDIF
ELSE
// no vowel follows
Vowelout len=50
IF prevPh(#i) THEN
FMT(w/iw_)
ENDIF
FMT(w/w_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme j // **y**es
liquid pal starttype #i
lengthmod 7
IF nextPhW(isVowel) THEN
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(j/j@)
VowelStart(j/ja)
VowelStart(j/je)
VowelStart(j/ji)
VowelStart(j/jo)
VowelStart(j/ju)
EndSwitch
VowelEnding(j/xj, -30)
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(j/_j)
ENDIF
ELSE
// no vowel follows
Vowelout len=70
FMT(j/j_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme ; // linking j, used between (i) vowels and a following vowel
// also to palatalize consonants
liquid pzd
lengthmod 0
IF prevPh(#i) THEN
ipa NULL // linking after i vowel, don't show in ipa
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
ChangePhoneme(NULL) // this is to ignore this phoneme if not before a vowel
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(j2/j2@)
VowelStart(j2/j2a)
VowelStart(j2/j2e)
VowelStart(j2/j2i)
VowelStart(j2/j2o)
VowelStart(j2/j2u)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(#i) THEN
VowelEnding(j2/xj2, -40)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(j2/_j2)
ENDIF
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// NASAL CONSONANTS
//*******************************************************************
phoneme m
vcd blb nas
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1000 -500 -350 f3=-200 80 brk
lengthmod 4
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1000 -50 -200 f3=-200 80
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/m_)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/m)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(m/m@)
VowelStart(m/ma)
VowelStart(m/me)
VowelStart(m/mi)
VowelStart(m/mo)
VowelStart(m/mu)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
FMT(m/mj)
ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(m/_m)
ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(m/m_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme n
vcd alv nas
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 250 f3=-100 80 rms=20 brk
lengthmod 4
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1500 -200 200 f3=0 80
FMT(klatt/n)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(n/n@)
VowelStart(n/na)
VowelStart(n/ne)
VowelStart(n/ni)
VowelStart(n/no)
VowelStart(n/nu)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
FMT(n/nj)
ELIF prevPh(isPause) OR prevPh(n) THEN
FMT(n/_n)
ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(n/n_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme n.
vcd rfx nas
ipa ɳ
starttype n endtype n
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-500 80 rms=20 colr=2
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-500 80 rms=20 brk colr=2
lengthmod 4
IF KlattSynth THEN
FMT(klatt/nr)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(n/nr@)
VowelStart(n/nra)
VowelStart(n/nre)
VowelStart(n/nri)
VowelStart(n/nro)
VowelStart(n/nru)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
FMT(n/nj)
ELIF prevPh(isPause) OR prevPh(n.) THEN
FMT(n/_nr)
ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(n/nr_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme n^ // Spanish **ñ**
vcd pal nas pzd
ipa ɲ
Vowelout f1=3 f2=2500 300 500 f3=100 80 len=45 brk rate
lengthmod 4
IF KlattSynth THEN
VowelStart(klatt/n^@)
FMT(klatt/n^)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(n^/n^@)
VowelStart(n^/n^a)
VowelStart(n^/n^e)
VowelStart(n^/n^i)
VowelStart(n^/n^o)
VowelStart(n^/n^u)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(n^/_n^)
ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
IF nextPhW(n^) THEN
length 75
ELIF prevPhW(n^) THEN
length 100
ENDIF
FMT(n^/n^_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme N // si**ng**
vcd vel nas
Vowelout f1=3 f2=2300 300 400 f3=-200 80 len=40 rms=20 brk
lengthmod 8 // longer than 'n'
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2100 50 300 f3=0 80
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/nn_)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/nn)
ENDIF
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(nn/nn@)
VowelStart(nn/nna)
VowelStart(nn/nne)
VowelStart(nn/nni)
VowelStart(nn/nno)
VowelStart(nn/nnu)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(#i) THEN
VowelEnding(nn/inn, -40)
ENDIF
IF prevPh(isNotVowel) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
FMT(nn/nnj)
ELIF prevPh(isPause) THEN
FMT(nn/_nn)
ELIF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(nn/nn_)
ENDIF
endphoneme
phoneme ** // TEST flap
liquid alv rhotic
ipa ɾ
lengthmod 3
Vowelout f1=3 f2=1600 -300 300 f3=-300 80 rms=35 len=15
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1600 -300 300 f3=-100 80 len=20
IF prevPh(#i) OR prevPh(#e) THEN
FMT(r3/@tap2)
ENDIF
FMT(r3/@tap)
endphoneme
phoneme * // flap
vcd alv flp rhotic
brkafter
ipa ɾ
lengthmod 3
IF prevPhW(@-) THEN
ipa r // @-* sequence for [r]
ENDIF
IF nextPh(#e) OR nextPh(#i) THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1500 -300 300 f3=-200 80
FMT(d/tap1) addWav(r3/rx, 150)
FMT(d/tap1) addWav(r3/rx, 150)
ENDIF
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300 f3=-200 80
IF nextPh(#a) THEN
FMT(d/tap3) addWav(r3/rx, 200)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(r) THEN
FMT(d/dr)
ENDIF
Vowelout f1=3 f2=1500 -400 300 f3=-200 80 rms=35 len=50
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1500 -300 300 f3=-200 80
FMT(d/tap3) addWav(r3/rx, 200)
endphoneme
phoneme r. // retroflex
liquid rfx
lengthmod 3
Vowelout f1=3 f2=1400 -400 300 f3=-400 80 rms=35 len=15 colr=2
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1400 -400 300 f3=-400 80 len=20
IF nextPh(isNotVowel) THEN
FMT(r3/@tap_rfx_)
ENDIF
FMT(r3/@tap_rfx)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// VOICED STOPS
//*******************************************************************
phoneme b
vcd blb stp
voicingswitch p
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-300 80 brk
lengthmod 5
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(b/xb)
ENDIF
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=1 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-300 80
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/b) addWav(x/b_)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/b) addWav(x/b)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(b/b_) addWav(x/b_)
ELIF nextPh(@-) THEN
FMT(b/b@2) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#@) THEN
FMT(b/b@) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#a) THEN
FMT(b/ba) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#e) THEN
FMT(b/be) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#i) THEN
FMT(b/bi) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#o) THEN
FMT(b/bo) addWav(x/b)
ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
FMT(b/bu) addWav(x/b)
ENDIF
FMT(b/b) addWav(x/b)
endphoneme
phoneme d
vcd alv stp
voicingswitch t
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=1 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80 brk
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(d/xd)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(d/d_) addWav(x/d_)
// ELIF nextPh(r) THEN
// FMT(d/dr) addWav(x/d)
ENDIF
FMT(d/d) addWav(x/d)
endphoneme
phoneme d[
vcd dnt stp
voicingswitch t[
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300 f3=-150 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300 f3=-150 80
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(d/xd)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(d/d_) addWav(x/d_)
ELIF nextPh(r) THEN
FMT(d/dr) addWav(x/d_dnt, 100)
ENDIF
FMT(d/d) addWav(x/d_dnt, 100)
endphoneme
phoneme dZ // **j**udge
vcd pla afr sib
voicingswitch tS
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2300 200 400 f3=100 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300 f3=100 80 brk
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(dzh/xdzh)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
ENDIF
FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dzh)
endphoneme
phoneme dZ;
vcd alp sib afr
voicingswitch tS;
ipa dʑ
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(dzh/xdzh)
ENDIF
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
ENDIF
FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dz_pzd)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(dzh/dzh_) addWav(x/dzh_)
ENDIF
FMT(dzh/dzh) addWav(x/dz_pzd)
endphoneme
phoneme J
vcd pal afr sib pzd
voicingswitch c
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 colr=1
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(dzh/xdz_pzd)
ENDIF
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/dz_pzd_) addWav(x/dzh, 35)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/dz_pzd) addWav(x/dzh, 45)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(dzh/dz_pzd_) addWav(x/dzh, 35)
ENDIF
FMT(dzh/dz_pzd) addWav(x/dzh, 45)
endphoneme
phoneme g
vcd vel stp
voicingswitch k
lengthmod 5
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2300 200 300 f3=-300 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300 f3=-300 80 brk
IF PreVoicing THEN
FMT(g/xg)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(g/g_) addWav(x/g_)
ENDIF
FMT(g/g) addWav(x/g2, 150)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// VOICED fricatives
//*******************************************************************
phoneme B
vcd blb frc
voicingswitch f
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=2 f2=1000 -300 -200 f3=-100 100
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-100 60 len=50
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/bh) addWav(vocw/v)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/bh) addWav(vocw/v)
endphoneme
phoneme v
vcd lbd frc
voicingswitch f
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1000 -300 -200 f3=-300 100
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-300 60 len=50
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelout f1=1 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-300 60 len=50 brk
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/v) addWav(vocw/v, 150)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/v_) addWav(vocw/v)
ENDIF
IF thisPh(isWordStart) AND nextPhW(isLiquid) THEN
length 70
ENDIF
FMT(voc/v) addWav(vocw/v)
endphoneme
phoneme v# // approximant, not fricative
vcd lbd frc
ipa ʋ
lengthmod 6
voicingswitch f
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1000 -300 -200 f3=-300 100
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1000 -500 -300 f3=-300 60 len=50
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/v#_)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/v#)
endphoneme
phoneme D // **th**is
vcd dnt frc
voicingswitch T
lengthmod 6
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 60 len=50
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1290 -300 300 f3=0 0
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/dh_) addWav(vocw/dh)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/dh) addWav(vocw/dh)
endphoneme
phoneme z
vcd alv frc sib
voicingswitch s
lengthmod 6
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 60 len=50
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1390 -300 300 f3=0 0
Vowelout f1=1 f2=1390 -300 300 f3=-100 60 len=50 brk
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/z_) addWav(ufric/s_, 70)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/z) addWav(ufric/s_, 85)
endphoneme
phoneme Z // plea**s**ure
vcd pla frc sib
voicingswitch S
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2000 0 300 f3=-200 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2000 0 300 f3=-200 80 brk
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/zh_, 60) addWav(vocw/zh, 70)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 130)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/zh_, 60) addWav(vocw/zh, 70)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh, 130)
endphoneme
phoneme z.
vcd pla frc sib
ipa ʐ
voicingswitch s.
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1800 -100 300 f3=-300 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=1800 -100 300 f3=-300 80 brk
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/zh_) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/zh) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/zh_) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/zh) addWav(vocw/zh_rfx)
endphoneme
phoneme z;
vcd alp sib frc
ipa ʑ
voicingswitch s;
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300 f3=-300 80 brk
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/z_pzd_) addWav(ufric/s_pzd_, 80)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/z_pzd) addWav(ufric/s_pzd, 80)
endphoneme
phoneme Z;
vcd alp sib frc
voicingswitch S;
ipa ʑ
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300 f3=-300 80 brk
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/z_pzd_) addWav(ufric/sh_pzd_)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/z_pzd) addWav(ufric/sh_pzd, 80)
endphoneme
phoneme J^ // palatal fricative (Kirshenbaum C<vcd>)
vcd pal frc pzd
ipa ʝ
voicingswitch C
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70
Vowelout f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 len=100
FMT(voc/j) addWav(ufric/ch, 25)
endphoneme
phoneme Q
vcd vel frc
voicingswitch x
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2300 200 400 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2300 250 300 f3=-300 80 brk
IF KlattSynth THEN
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(klatt/qqh_) addWav(vocw/Q_)
ENDIF
FMT(klatt/qqh) addWav(vocw/Q)
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/Q_) addWav(vocw/Q_)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/Q) addWav(vocw/Q)
endphoneme
phoneme Q^
vcd vel frc
lengthmod 6
Vowelin f1=2 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 80
Vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 40 600 f3=200 80 brk
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/Q_) addWav(vocw/Q_)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/Q) addWav(vocw/Q)
endphoneme
phoneme Q"
vcd uvl frc
ipa ʁ
lengthmod 6
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
FMT(voc/Q_ulv) addWav(ufric/xx, 60)
ENDIF
FMT(voc/Q_ulv) addWav(ufric/xx, 80)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// UNVOICED STOPS
//*******************************************************************
phoneme p
vls blb stp
voicingswitch b
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1000 -50 -100 f3=-200 80 amp=11
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1000 -500 -350 f3=-300 80 rms=22
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/p_)
ELIF nextPh(r) THEN
WAV(ustop/pr, 70)
ELIF nextPh(R) OR nextPh(R2) THEN
WAV(ustop/pr)
ELIF nextPh(@-) THEN
WAV(ustop/p_unasp)
ELIF nextPh(l) THEN
WAV(ustop/pl)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/p)
endphoneme
phoneme t
vls alv stp
voicingswitch d
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250 f3=-100 80 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/t_)
ELIF nextPh(r) OR nextPh(R) OR nextPh(R2) THEN
WAV(ustop/tr)
ELIF nextPh(@-) THEN
WAV(ustop/t_dnt, 50)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/t, 90)
endphoneme
phoneme t[ // dental variant of /t/
vls dnt stp
voicingswitch d[
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=1 f2=1500 -250 250 f3=-100 80 amp=16
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1500 -300 250 f3=-100 80 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/t_dnt, 35)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/t_hi, 70)
endphoneme
phoneme tS // **ch**urch
vls pla afr sib
voicingswitch dZ
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2300 200 400 f3=-100 80
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/tsh_)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/tsh)
endphoneme
phoneme tS;
vls alp sib afr
voicingswitch dZ;
ipa tɕ
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
endphoneme
phoneme c
vls pal stp pzd
voicingswitch J
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2700 400 600 f3=300 80 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 len=50 colr=1
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/t_pzd, 30)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/c, 150)
endphoneme
phoneme k
vls vel stp
voicingswitch g
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2300 200 300 f3=-200 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400 f3=-200 80 rms=20
IF KlattSynth THEN
Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 200 300 f3=-200 80 rms=20
ENDIF
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/k_)
ELIF nextPh(r) OR nextPh(R) OR nextPh(R2) THEN
WAV(ustop/kr)
ELIF nextPh(#i) OR nextPh(;) THEN
WAV(ustop/ki)
ELIF nextPh(l) THEN
WAV(ustop/kl)
ELIF nextPh(@-) THEN
WAV(ustop/k_unasp, 70)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/k)
endphoneme
phoneme q
vls uvl stp
lengthmod 2
Vowelin f1=1 f2=1700 0 200 f3=-300 80 gpaus f4 rms=30
Vowelout f1=1 f2=1700 -100 200 f3=-300 80 f4 rms=35
IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
WAV(ustop/q, 40)
ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
WAV(ustop/q_u, 80)
ENDIF
WAV(ustop/q, 48)
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// UNVOICED fricatives
//*******************************************************************
phoneme f
vls lbd frc
voicingswitch v
lengthmod 3
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1000 -500 -350 f3=-200 80
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/f_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/f)
endphoneme
phoneme T // **th**in
vls dnt frc
voicingswitch D
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250 f3=-100 80 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/th_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/th)
endphoneme
phoneme s
vls alv frc sib
voicingswitch z
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1700 -300 300 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250 f3=-100 80 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/s_)
ELIF nextPh(p) OR nextPh(t) OR nextPh(k) THEN
WAV(ufric/s!)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/s)
endphoneme
phoneme S // **sh**op
vls pla frc sib
voicingswitch Z
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2100 100 300 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=2100 100 300 f3=-100 80
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/sh_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/sh)
endphoneme
phoneme s.
vls pla frc sib
ipa ʂ
voicingswitch z.
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=1800 -100 300 f3=-300 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=1800 -100 300 f3=-300 80
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/sh_rfx, 60)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/sh_rfx, 90)
endphoneme
phoneme s;
vls pal frc sib pzd
ipa ʂ
voicingswitch z;
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 rate len=70
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/s_pzd_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/s_pzd)
endphoneme
phoneme S;
vls alp sib frc
voicingswitch Z;
ipa ɕ
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 rate len=70
Vowelout f1=1 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 rate
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/sh_pzd_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/sh_pzd)
endphoneme
phoneme l# // Lateral fricative (eg. Welsh "ll")
vls alv frc
ipa ɬ
lengthmod 3
NextVowelStarts
VowelStart(l/l@)
VowelStart(l/la)
VowelStart(l/le)
VowelStart(l/li, -10)
VowelStart(l/lo)
VowelStart(l/lu)
EndSwitch
IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
VowelEnding(l/xl, -40)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/l#, 60)
endphoneme
phoneme C // German i**ch**
vls pal frc
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70
Vowelout f1=0 f2=2700 400 600 f3=200 70 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/ch_)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/ch)
endphoneme
phoneme x // German bu**ch**
vls vel frc
voicingswitch Q
lengthmod 3
Vowelin f1=0 f2=2300 200 400 f3=-100 80
Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400 f3=-100 80 rms=20
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/x_, 60)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/x_hr, 20)
endphoneme
phoneme X
vls uvl frc
voicingswitch Q"
lengthmod 3
IF nextPh(isPause) THEN
WAV(ufric/xx, 70)
ENDIF
WAV(ufric/xx,80)
endphoneme
phoneme h
vls glt apr
lengthmod 3
ipa h
IF nextPh(#@) THEN
WAV(h/h@)
ELIF nextPh(#a) THEN
WAV(h/ha)
ELIF nextPh(#e) THEN
WAV(h/he)
ELIF nextPh(#i) THEN
WAV(h/hi)
ELIF nextPh(#o) THEN
WAV(h/ho)
ELIF nextPh(#u) THEN
WAV(h/hu)
ENDIF
WAV(h/h_, 70) // no vowel following
endphoneme
//*******************************************************************
// ADDITIONAL PHONEME TABLES
// These are grouped by extended table and table name
//*******************************************************************
// *** Tables extending base1 ***
phonemetable consonants base1
include ph_consonants
phonemetable base2 base1
include ph_base2
phonemetable ak base1
include ph_akan
phonemetable am base1
include ph_amhari
phonemetable ar base1
include ph_arabic
phonemetable ba base1
include ph_bashkir
phonemetable cmn base1
include ph_cmn
phonemetable cy base1
include ph_welsh
phonemetable da base1
include ph_danish
phonemetable en base1
include ph_english
phonemetable eo base1
include ph_esperanto
phonemetable et base1
include ph_estonian
phonemetable fa base1
include ph_farsi
phonemetable fi base1
include ph_finnish
phonemetable smj base1
include ph_lule_saami
phonemetable fr base1
include ph_french
phonemetable ga base1
include ph_irish
phonemetable gn base1
include ph_guarani
phonemetable hak base1
include ph_hakka
phonemetable haw base1
include ph_hawaiian
phonemetable he base1
phonemetable hi_base base1
include ph_hindi_base
phonemetable hy base1
include ph_armenian
phonemetable hu base1
include ph_hungarian
phonemetable is base1
include ph_icelandic
phonemetable ja base1
include ph_japanese
phonemetable ka base1
include ph_georgian
phonemetable ky base1
include ph_kyrgyz
phonemetable kl base1
include ph_greenlandic
phonemetable ko base1
include ph_korean
phonemetable la base1
include ph_latin
phonemetable lt base1
include ph_lithuanian
phonemetable lv base1
include ph_latvian
phonemetable my base1
include ph_myanmar
phonemetable mt base1
include ph_maltese
phonemetable no base1
include ph_norwegian
phonemetable om base1
include ph_oromo
phonemetable pl base1
include ph_polish
phonemetable prs base1
include ph_dari
phonemetable qu base1
include ph_quechua
phonemetable quc base1
phonemetable ru base1
include ph_russian
phonemetable shn base1
include ph_shan
phonemetable sq base1
include ph_albanian
phonemetable sv base1
include ph_swedish
phonemetable sw base1
include ph_swahili
phonemetable tn base1
include ph_setswana
phonemetable tt base1
include ph_tatar
phonemetable vi base1
include ph_vietnam
phonemetable wo base1
include ph_wolof
phonemetable yue base1
include ph_yue
// *** Tables extending base2 ***
phonemetable chr base2
include ph_cherokee
phonemetable el base2
include ph_greek
phonemetable es base2
include ph_spanish
phonemetable eu base2
include ph_basque
phonemetable grc base2
include ph_greek_ancient
phonemetable id base2
include ph_indonesian
phonemetable it base2
include ph_italian
phonemetable ku base2
include ph_kurdish
phonemetable mi base2
include ph_maori
phonemetable nci base2
include ph_nahuatl
phonemetable pt base2
include ph_pt_brazil
phonemetable piqd base2
include ph_klingon
phonemetable ro base2
include ph_romanian
phonemetable rw base2
include ph_kinyarwanda
phonemetable tk base2
include ph_turkmen
phonemetable tr base2
include ph_turkish
// *** Tables extending en ***
phonemetable en-n en
include ph_english_n
phonemetable en-rp en
include ph_english_rp
phonemetable en-sc en
include ph_english_sc
phonemetable en-us en
include ph_english_us
phonemetable en-wi en
include ph_english_wi
phonemetable en-wm en
include ph_english_wm
// *** Hidden dependencies ***
// Tables which include/import phonemes from other (in comment) tables
// TODO these may be needed to redesign
phonemetable af base1 // form en
include ph_afrikaans
phonemetable de base1 // from en-us
include ph_german
phonemetable kk base1 // from sq
include ph_kazakh
phonemetable nl base1 // from af
include ph_dutch
phonemetable nso base1 // from af
include ph_northern-sotho
// *** Tables extending other language tables ***
phonemetable ia eo
include ph_interlingua
phonemetable jbo eo
include ph_lojban
phonemetable py eo
include ph_pyash
phonemetable qya la
include ph_quenya
phonemetable sjn la
include ph_sindarin
phonemetable es-la es
include ph_spanish_la
phonemetable ca es
include ph_catalan
phonemetable an es
include ph_aragon
phonemetable ht fr
include ph_haitian
phonemetable hi hi_base
include ph_hindi
phonemetable bo hi
include ph_tibetan
phonemetable gd base1 // hidden dependency, imports from hi
include ph_s_gaelic
// hi_base
phonemetable ne hi_base
include ph_nepali
phonemetable ur hi_base
include ph_urdu
phonemetable pa hi_base
include ph_punjabi
phonemetable ta hi_base
include ph_tamil
phonemetable kn hi_base
include ph_kannada
phonemetable ml hi_base
include ph_malayalam
phonemetable gu hi_base
include ph_gujarati
phonemetable mr hi_base
include ph_marathi
phonemetable kok hi_base
include ph_konkani
phonemetable te hi_base
include ph_telugu
phonemetable si hi_base
include ph_sinhala
phonemetable bn hi_base
include ph_bengali
phonemetable as bn
include ph_assamese
phonemetable or bn
include ph_oriya
phonemetable bpy bn
include ph_manipuri
phonemetable sk pl
include ph_slovak
phonemetable bg pl
include ph_bulgarian
phonemetable sl pl
include ph_slovenian
phonemetable th shn
phonemetable cs sk
include ph_czech
phonemetable hr sk
include ph_croatian
phonemetable mk hr
include ph_macedonian
phonemetable sr hr
include ph_serbian
phonemetable ru-lv ru
include ph_russian_lv
phonemetable uk ru
phonemetable az tr
include ph_azerbaijani
phonemetable cv tr
include ph_chuvash
phonemetable ug tr
include ph_uyghur
phonemetable pt-pt pt
include ph_portugal
phonemetable vi-hue vi
include ph_vietnam_hue
phonemetable vi-sgn vi
include ph_vietnam_sgn
phonemetable sd ur
include ph_sindhi
phonemetable nog kk
phonemetable uz kk
include ph_uzbek
phonemetable qdb en
include ph_langbelta
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