espeak-ng/phsource/ph_malayalam

// Phonemes for Malayalam
// This inherits from ph_hindi


phoneme @
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/@_low)
endphoneme


phoneme y  // epenthetic vowel
  vwl starttype #@ endtype #@
  unstressed
  ipa ɨ
  length 80
  FMT(vowel/u#_4, 120)
endphoneme


phoneme a
  vwl starttype #a endtype #a
  ipa ɐ
  length 130

  IF thisPh(isStressed) OR thisPh(isFirstVowel) OR thisPh(isWordEnd) THEN
    FMT(vowel/a#_4)
  ELSE
    ChangeIfUnstressed(@)

    IF nextPh(m) AND nextPh(isWordEnd) THEN
      ChangePhoneme(@)
    ENDIF

    FMT(vowel/a#_3)
  ENDIF
endphoneme


phoneme a#    // don't reduce to [@]
  vwl starttype #a endtype #a
  ChangePhoneme(a)
endphoneme


phoneme a:
  vwl long starttype #a  endtype #a
  length 300
  FMT(vowel/a_5)
endphoneme


phoneme e
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #e
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/e)
endphoneme


phoneme e:
  vwl long starttype #e  endtype #e
  length 270
  FMT(vowel/e)
endphoneme


phoneme i
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/i_6)
endphoneme

phoneme I
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/ii)
endphoneme


phoneme i:
  vwl long starttype #i  endtype #i
  length 270
  FMT(vowel/i)
endphoneme



phoneme o
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/o)
endphoneme


phoneme o:
  vwl long starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 300
  FMT(vowel/o)
endphoneme


phoneme u
  vwl  starttype #u  endtype #u
  length 110
  FMT(vowel/u)
endphoneme

phoneme u:
  vwl long starttype #u  endtype #u
  length 280
  FMT(vowel/u)
endphoneme


phoneme aI
  vwl long starttype #a endtype #i
  length 280
  FMT(vdiph/ai)
endphoneme

phoneme aU
  vwl long starttype #a endtype #u
  length 270
  FMT(vdiph/aau_3)
endphoneme


// ?? This is standard [v].  Should be it [v] without the fricative noise?
phoneme v
  import_phoneme base/v
endphoneme

phoneme r
  import_phoneme base/**
endphoneme

phoneme R
  import_phoneme base/R2
endphoneme

phoneme d2   // 'rr' sounds like English 'd'
  import_phoneme base/d
endphoneme


// Aspirated voice stops, sound like aspirated unvoiced stops ?

phoneme b#
  vls blb stop prevoice
  lengthmod 2
  voicingswitch b
  Vowelin  f1=0  f2=1000 -50 -100  f3=-200 80
  Vowelout f1=0  f2=1000 -500 -350  f3=-300 80 rms=30
  
  IF PreVoicing THEN
    IF prevPhW(isVowel) THEN
      FMT(b/xb)
    ELSE
      FMT(voc/murmur1)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/p_)
  ENDIF
  IF nextPh(l) THEN
    WAV(ustop/pl)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/p_asp)
endphoneme


phoneme d#
  vls dnt stop prevoice
  lengthmod 2
  voicingswitch d
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-100 80  amp=16
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1500 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    IF prevPhW(isVowel) THEN
      FMT(d/xd)
    ELSE
      FMT(voc/murmur1)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/t_dnt, 35)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/t_dnt, 50)
endphoneme


phoneme t.#
  vls rfx stop
  lengthmod 2
  ipa ʈU+02B0
  voicingswitch d.#
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1800 -300 300  f3=-200 80
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1800 -300 250  f3=-400 80  rms=20 colr=2
  
  IF nextPhW(t.#) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(t.)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/th_rfx2, 80)
endphoneme


phoneme d.#
  vls rfx stop prevoice
  lengthmod 2
  ipa ʈU+02B0
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=1800 -300 300  f3=-200 80
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=1800 -300 250  f3=-400 80  rms=20 colr=2

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    IF prevPhW(isVowel) THEN
      FMT(d/xdr)
    ELSE
      FMT(voc/murmur1)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  voicingswitch d.#
  WAV(ustop/th_rfx2, 80)
endphoneme


phoneme J#
  vls pal afr sibilant palatal prevoice
  voicingswitch c#
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    IF prevPhW(isVowel) THEN
      FMT(dzh/xdz_pzd)
    ELSE
      FMT(voc/murmur1)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
  ENDIF
  WAV(ustop/ts_pzd)
endphoneme


phoneme g#
  vls vel stop prevoice
  lengthmod 2
  Vowelin f1=1  f2=1400 -100 100  f3=-150 80
  Vowelout f1=0 f2=2300 300 400  f3=-150 80  rms=20

  IF PreVoicing THEN
    IF prevPhW(isVowel) THEN
      FMT(g/xg)
    ELSE
      FMT(voc/murmur1)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  
  IF nextPh(isPause2) THEN
    WAV(ustop/k_asp, 40)
  ENDIF
  IF nextPhW(#e) OR nextPhW(#i) THEN
    WAV(ustop/k_asp_e, 40)
  ELIF nextPhW(#o) OR nextPhW(#u) THEN
    WAV(ustop/k_asp_a, 25)
  ELSE
    WAV(ustop/k_asp_a, 30)
  ENDIF
endphoneme



// suggested by Prasenjit Sen, but perhaps not needed?
// ml_rules changes [p], [t], [k] to [b], [d], [g] in non-initial
// positions

phoneme p
  import_phoneme consonants/p-
  voicingswitch b

  IF thisPh(isWordStart) THEN
      CALL base/p
  ELIF thisPh(isWordEnd) AND NOT thisPh(isFirstVowel) THEN
      ChangePhoneme(b)
  ENDIF
endphoneme


phoneme t 
  import_phoneme base/t[
  voicingswitch d

  IF thisPh(isWordStart) THEN
      CALL base/t
  ELIF thisPh(isWordEnd) AND NOT thisPh(isFirstVowel) THEN
      ChangePhoneme(d)
  ENDIF
endphoneme


phoneme k
  import_phoneme consonants/k-
  voicingswitch g

  IF thisPh(isWordStart) THEN
      CALL base/k
  ELIF thisPh(isWordEnd) AND NOT thisPh(isFirstVowel) THEN
      ChangePhoneme(g)
  ENDIF
endphoneme