From e49bf7e96b7bc899dcf22d07f4480b7c1de67f37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 22 Jan 2017 10:50:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] docs/phonemes.md: describe phonation in terms of how open/closed the glottis is. --- docs/phonemes.md | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index af07b79d..d0b7ea09 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ - [Features](#features) - [Air Flow](#air-flow) - [Initiator](#initiator) + - [Phonation](#phonation) - [Consonants](#consonants) - - [Voicing](#voicing) - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) - [Gemination](#gemination) - - [Phonation](#phonation) + - [Fortis and Lenis](#fortis-and-lenis) - [Articulation](#articulation) - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation-1) - [Precomposed Characters](#precomposed-characters) @@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ sections. -Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. +Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonation. ### Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. - vcd imp + mdv imp ɓ @@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ Symbols to the left are `vls`, and to the right are `vcd`. | Symbol | Features | |--------|-------------------------| | ʍ | `vls` `lbv` `apr` | -| w | `vcd` `lbv` `apr` | -| ɥ | `vcd` `lbp` `apr` | +| w | `mdv` `lbv` `apr` | +| ɥ | `mdv` `lbp` `apr` | | ɧ | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | ### Vowels @@ -439,15 +439,26 @@ phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants). | `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. | | `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. | +#### Phonation + +The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed. + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description | +|---------|--------|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| `vls` | | voiceless | The glottis is fully open, such that the vocal chords do not vibrate. | +| `brv` | ◌̤ | breathy voice | The glottis is closed slightly, to produce a whispered or murmured sound. | +| `slv` | ◌̥ | slack voice | The glottis is opened wider than `mdv`, but not enough to be `brv`. | +| `mdv` | | modal voice | The glottis is opened to provide the optimal vibration of the vocal chords. | +| `stv` | ◌̬ | stiff voice | The glottis is closed narrower than `mdv`, but not enough to be `crv`. | +| `crv` | ◌̰ | creaky voice | The glottis is closed to produce a vocal or glottal fry. | +| `glc` | ʔ͡◌ | glottal closure | The glottis is fully closed. | + +The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant +charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `mdv` consonant that does not have an +equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. + ### Consonants -#### Voicing - -| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | -|---------|-------------|-----------------| -| `vcd` | `vcd` | voiced | -| `vls` | `vls` | voiceless | - #### Place of Articulation | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | @@ -566,23 +577,13 @@ with the first phoneme using the `unx` feature. For example, n̚.n for a geminated n. This describes how with the `stp` and `nas` consonants, the mouth remains closed (`unx`) for the first of the geminated consonants. -#### Phonation +#### Fortis and Lenis | Feature | Kirshenbaum | IPA | Name | |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| -| `brv` | | ◌̤ | breathy voiced | -| `crv` | | ◌̰ | creaky voiced | | `fts` | | ◌͈ | fortis | | `lns` | | ◌͉ | lenis | -The IPA ◌̬ and ◌̥ diacritics (*voiced* and *voiceless*) are used for both -filling spaces in the IPA consonants chart and making the distinction -between *fortis* and *lenis* consonants. Cainteoir Text-to-Speech uses `slv` -(slack voice) and `stv` (stiff voice) for these diacritics. For eSpeak NG, -these diacritics are only used for controlling their voiced/voiceless -property (and thus their position on the IPA code chart), so `vls` and `vcd` -are used for these diacritics. - The extended IPA\[7\] ◌͈ and ◌͉ diacritics are used to specify lesser (`lns`) and greater (`fts`) oral pressure than the unmodified voiced or voiceless phoneme. This distinction is made by @@ -645,7 +646,7 @@ character. | Symbol | Features | |--------|-------------------------------| -| ɫ | `vcd` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | +| ɫ | `mdv` `fzd` `alv` `lat` `apr` | | ɚ | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | | ɝ | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | @@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ Appendix A of his ASCII/IPA transcription, but are not used in the rest of the specification. __NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum transcribes ɦ as `h` (`{mrm,glt,frc}`), while -Wikipedia also lists this as a `{vcd,glt,frc}`\[6\]. +Wikipedia also lists this as a `{mdv,glt,frc}`\[6\]. This is the only phoneme that Kirshenbaum uses the `mrm` feature for. As such, the `mrm` feature is not used within this document.