diff --git a/docs/phoneme_model.md b/docs/phoneme_model.md
index 42418e0c..aaa90368 100644
--- a/docs/phoneme_model.md
+++ b/docs/phoneme_model.md
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
# Phoneme Model
+- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
+ - [Air Flow](#air-flow)
+ - [Initiator](#initiator)
+ - [Target](#target)
+ - [Manner](#manner)
- [References](#references)
----------
@@ -24,6 +29,74 @@ how espeak-ng works internally.
__NOTE:__ This model is in the process of being implemented. As such, the
current implementation does not reflect this document.
+## Manner of Articulation
+
+The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature
+types. The possible manners of articulation are:
+
+| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Phoneme Model |
+|------------------------|-----------|-----------------------|
+| nasal | `nas` | `pmc egs nsl occ` |
+| plosive (stop) | `stp` | `pmc egs orl occ` |
+| affricate | `afr` | `pmc egs orl occ frr` |
+| fricative | `frc` | `pmc egs orl frv` |
+| tap/flap | `flp` | `pmc egs orl fla` |
+| trill | `trl` | `pmc egs orl tri` |
+| approximant | `apr` | `pmc egs orl app` |
+| click | `clk` | `vlc igs orl` |
+| ejective | `ejc` | `vlc igs orl occ` |
+| implosive | `imp` | `gtc igs` |
+| vowel | `vwl` | `pmc egs orl vow` |
+
+For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for
+the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`.
+
+The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
+while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
+place of articulation features.
+
+Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
+features:
+
+| Feature | Name | Description |
+|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. |
+| `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. |
+
+### Air Flow
+
+| Feature | Name | Description |
+|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `egs` | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. |
+| `igs` | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. |
+
+### Initiator
+
+| Feature | Name | Description |
+|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `pmc` | pulmonic | The diaphragm and lungs are used to generate the airstream. |
+| `gtc` | glottalic | The glottis is used to generate the airstream. |
+| `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. |
+| `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. |
+
+### Target
+
+| Feature | Name | Description |
+|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------|
+| `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. |
+| `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. |
+
+### Manner
+
+| Feature | Name | Description |
+|---------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `occ` | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. |
+| `frv` | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. |
+| `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. |
+| `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. |
+| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
+| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |
+
## References
1. Kirshenbaum, Evan,
diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md
index bac16a9e..7e296474 100644
--- a/docs/phonemes.md
+++ b/docs/phonemes.md
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
- [Positioning Diacritics](#positioning-diacritics)
- [Features](#features)
- [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation)
- - [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- - [Initiator](#initiator)
- - [Target](#target)
- - [Manner](#manner)
+ - [Air Flow](#air-flow)
- [Phonation](#phonation)
- [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation)
- [Active Articulators](#active-articulators)
@@ -483,27 +480,24 @@ diacritics.
The manner of articulation is described in terms of several distinct feature
types. The possible manners of articulation are:
-| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Features |
-|------------------------|-----------|--------|-----------------------|
-| nasal | `nas` | | `pmc egs nsl occ` |
-| plosive (stop) | `stp` | | `pmc egs orl occ` |
-| affricate | `afr` | | `pmc egs orl occ frr` |
-| fricative | `frc` | | `pmc egs orl frv` |
-| tap/flap | `flp` | | `pmc egs orl fla` |
-| trill | `trl` | | `pmc egs orl tri` |
-| approximant | `apr` | | `pmc egs orl app` |
-| click | `clk` | | `vlc igs orl` |
-| ejective | `ejc` | | `vlc igs orl occ` |
-| implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ | `gtc igs` |
-| vowel | `vwl` | | `pmc egs orl vow` |
+| Manner of Articulation | Feature | Symbol |
+|------------------------|-----------|--------|
+| nasal | `nas` | |
+| plosive (stop) | `stp` | |
+| affricate | `afr` | |
+| fricative | `frc` | |
+| tap/flap | `flp` | |
+| trill | `trl` | |
+| approximant | `apr` | |
+| click | `clk` | |
+| ejective | `ejc` | |
+| implosive | `imp` | ◌ʼ |
+| vowel | `vwl` | |
The features for these manners of articulation are provided for convenience,
and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the
distinct feature types are used.
-For `imp` consonants, they use the features of the base phoneme except for
-the `pmc` and `egs` features. Thus, a `nas imp` is a `gtc igs nsl occ`.
-
The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features,
while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using
place of articulation features.
@@ -511,49 +505,22 @@ place of articulation features.
Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following
features:
-| Feature | Name | Description |
-|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `lat` | lateral | The air flow is directed along the sides of the tongue. |
-| `sib` | sibilant | The air flow is directed through the teeth with the tongue. |
+| Feature | Name |
+|---------|----------|
+| `lat` | lateral |
+| `sib` | sibilant |
-#### Air Flow
+### Air Flow
-| Feature | Symbol | Name | Description |
-|---------|--------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `egs` | ↑ | egressive | The air flow is moving outwards from the initiator to the target. |
-| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive | The air flow is moving inwards from the target to the initiator. |
+| Feature | Symbol | Name |
+|---------|--------|------------|
+| `egs` | ↑ | egressive |
+| `igs` | ↓ | ingressive |
The ↑ and ↓ symbols are from the extended IPA\[7\].
They only need to be used when the air flow is different to the base IPA
phoneme (e.g. using ↓ on pulmonic consonants).
-#### Initiator
-
-| Feature | Name | Description |
-|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `pmc` | pulmonic | The diaphragm and lungs are used to generate the airstream. |
-| `gtc` | glottalic | The glottis is used to generate the airstream. |
-| `vlc` | velaric | The velum is closed and the tongue is used to generate the airstream. |
-| `pcv` | percussive | There is no airstream used to produce this sound. |
-
-#### Target
-
-| Feature | Name | Description |
-|---------|------------|-------------------------------------------------|
-| `nsl` | nasal | The air flows through the nose. |
-| `orl` | oral | The air flows through the mouth. |
-
-#### Manner
-
-| Feature | Name | Description |
-|---------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `occ` | occlusive | The air flow is blocked within the vocal tract. |
-| `frv` | fricative | The air flow is constricted, causing turbulence. |
-| `fla` | flap | A single tap of the tongue against the secondary articulator. |
-| `tri` | trill | A rapid vibration of the primary articulator against the secondary articulator. |
-| `app` | approximant | The vocal tract is narrowed at the place of articulation without being turbulant. |
-| `vow` | vowel | The phoneme is articulated as a vowel instead of a consonant. |
-
### Phonation
The phonation features describe the degree to which the glottis (vocal chords) are open or closed.