diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index 1018bf2e..e243dfe0 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ transcriptions are consistent. | `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | | `fonipa` | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | | [`fonkirsh`](phonemes/kirshenbaum.md) | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | -| `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | +| [`fonxsampa`](phonemes/xsampa.md) | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | | `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | 1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in @@ -336,11 +336,15 @@ features: | Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin | |---------|--------|----------------|---------------| | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | `kirshenbaum` | -| `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | `kirshenbaum` | -| `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized | `kirshenbaum` | +| `vzd` | ◌ˠ, ◌̴ | velarized | `kirshenbaum` | +| `fzd` | ◌ˤ, ◌̴ | pharyngealized | `kirshenbaum` | | `nzd` | ◌̃ | nasalized | `kirshenbaum` | | `rzd` | ◌˞ | rhoticized | `kirshenbaum` | +The combining ◌̴ mark is used for velarized or pharyngealized consonants. +Wikipedia recommends precomposed letters for this as this combining mark +is deprecated, and the font may not render the composed form correctly. + ### Tongue Root The tongue root position can be specified using the following features: diff --git a/docs/phonemes/kirshenbaum.md b/docs/phonemes/kirshenbaum.md index bd558e04..25bbdf29 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes/kirshenbaum.md +++ b/docs/phonemes/kirshenbaum.md @@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ and `>` characters after the base phoneme (`p`). ## Phoneme Transcription Schemes -| BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | -|----------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| -| `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | -| [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | -| `fonkirsh` | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | -| `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | -| `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | +| BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | +|-----------------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| +| `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | +| [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | +| `fonkirsh` | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | +| [`fonxsampa`](phonemes/xsampa.md) | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | +| `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | 1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) @@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ meaning depending on the voicing of the base phoneme. ## References 1. Kirshenbaum, Evan, - [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). 04-01-1993. - Updated 30-04-2003. + [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/faq.html) (HTML). + . Updated . 2. Kirshenbaum, Evan, - [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). 22-02-2001. - Updated 06-09-2011. + [Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf) (PDF). + . Updated . diff --git a/docs/phonemes/xsampa.md b/docs/phonemes/xsampa.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..888830f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/phonemes/xsampa.md @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +# X-SAMPA Transcription Scheme + +- [Phoneme Transcription Schemes](#phoneme-transcription-schemes) +- [Consonants](#consonants) + - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols) + - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) +- [Vowels](#vowels) + - [Other Symbols](#other-symbols-1) +- [Diacritics](#diacritics) + - [Articulation](#articulation) + - [Phonation](#phonation) + - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) + - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) + - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) + - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) + - [Tongue Root](#tongue-root) +- [Suprasegmentals](#suprasegmentals) + - [Stress](#stress) + - [Length](#length) + - [Rhythm](#rhythm) + - [Tones](#tones) + - [Intonation](#intonation) +- [References](#references) + +---------- + +The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) +transcription scheme was created by John C. Wells in 1995 as an extension to +the various language-specific SAMPA phoneme sets available at that time. The +intention was to be able to encode the 1993 IPA chart in ASCII, while +preserving the scheme already developed by the language-specific phoneme sets +where there are no conflicts in the representation of that ASCII character. + +This document uses a set of phoneme features based on the features originally +developed by Evan Kirshenbaum. These features are described in the +[phonemes](phonemes.md) document. + +The `_` character is used as a tie bar to join two phonemes, as well as the +first character in several diacritics. It can be used for affricates, double +articulations and diphthongs, but can lead to ambiguity with the corresponding +diacritic. The X-SAMPA PDF document advises that `_` is only used for +affricates and double articulations. In that case, the `_^` non-syllabic marker +can be used for the second vowel in diphthongs. + +The `-` character is described in the PDF version of X-SAMPA to differentiate +between affricates, double articulations, and diphthongs such as `ts` and +consonant clusters such as `t-s`. + +## Phoneme Transcription Schemes + +| BCP47 Variant | Abbreviation | Transcription Scheme | Encoding | +|---------------------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------| +| `foncxs` | CXS | Conlang X-SAMPA | ASCII | +| [`fonipa`](../phonemes.md) | IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | Unicode | +| [`fonkirsh`](phonemes/kirshenbaum.md) | | Kirshenbaum (ASCII-IPA) | ASCII | +| `fonxsampa` | X-SAMPA | Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | ASCII | +| `fonzsampa` | Z-SAMPA | Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) SAMPA | ASCII | + +1. `foncxs`, `fonkirsh`, and `fonzsampa` are private use extensions defined in + the [bcp47-extensions](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espeak-ng/bcp47-data/master/bcp47-extensions) + file. + +## Consonants + +| | `blb` | | `lbd` | | `dnt` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `rfx` | | `alp` | | `pal` | | `vel` | | `uvl` | | `phr` | | `glt` | | +|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|------------|-----------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | +| `nas` | | `m` | | `F` | | | | `n` | | | | `` n` `` | | | | `J` | | `N` | | `N\` | | | | | +| `stp` | `p` | `b` | | | | | `t` | `d` | | | `` t` `` | `` d` `` | | | `c` | `J\` | `k` | `g` | `q` | `G\` | `>\` | | `?` | | +| `sib` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `lat` `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `sib` `frc` | | | | | | | `s` | `z` | `S` | `Z` | `` s` `` | `` z` `` | `s\` | `z\` | | | | | | | | | | | +| `frc` | `p\` | `B` | `f` | `v` | `T` | `D` | | | | | | | | | `C` | `j\` | `x` | `G` | `X` | `R` | `X\` | `?\` | `h` | `h\` | +| `lat` `frc` | | | | | | | `K` | `K\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `apr` | | | | `v\` | | | | `r\` | | | | `` r\` `` | | | | `j` | | `M\` | | | | | | | +| `lat` `apr` | | | | | | | | `l` | | | | `` l` `` | | | | `L` | | `L\` | | | | | | | +| `flp` | | | | | | | | `4` | | | | `` r` `` | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `lat` `flp` | | | | | | | | `l\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `trl` | | `B\` | | | | | | `r` | | | | | | | | | | | | `R\` | `H\` | `<\` | | | +| `clk` | `O\` | | | | `|\` | | | `!\` | | | | | `=\` | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `lat` `clk` | | | | | | | | `|\|\` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `imp` | | `b_<` | | | | | | `d_<` | | | | | | | | `J\_<` | | `g_<` | | `G\` | | | | | +| `ejc` | `p_>` | | | | | | `t_>` | | | | `` t`_> `` | | | | `c_>` | | `k_>` | | `q_>` | | `>\_>` | | | | +| `ejc` `frc` | | | `f_>` | | `T_>` | | `s_>` | | `S_>` | | `` s`_> `` | | | | | | `x_>` | | `X_>` | | | | | | +| `lat` `ejc` `frc` | | | | | | | `K_>` | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +1. `J\` and `?` are defined in the PDF version of X-SAMPA, but not the HTML + version. + +1. `G\` is only mentioned in the opening description of the HTML version of + X-SAMPA, but is defined properly in the PDF version. + +1. `>\` is defined as an epiglottal plosive in X-SAMPA. In this document it + is defined as a pharyngeal plosive to be consistent with the IPA + transcription described in the [phonemes](../phonemes.md) document. + +1. `P` can also be used for the labio-dental approximant `v\`. + +1. `H\` and `<\` are defined in X-SAMPA as epiglottal fricatives. In this + document they are defined as pharyngeal trills to be consistent with + the IPA transcription described in the [phonemes](../phonemes.md) + document. + +### Other Symbols + +| | `bld` | | `alv` | | `pla` | | `pal` | | `lbv` | | `vel` | | +|-----------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | `vls` | `vcd` | +| `nas` | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `stp` | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `afr` | | | | | | | | | | | | | +| `vzd` `frc` | | | | | `x\` | | | | | | | | +| `ptr` `apr` | | | | | | | | `H` | | | `W` | `w` | +| `fzd` `lat` `apr` | | | | `5` | | | | | | | | | + +1. `5` is supported as an alternative to `l_e` due to its use in some language- + specific SAMPA phoneme sets. + +### Manner of Articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|-----------|--------|-----------| +| `ejc` | `_>` | ejective | +| `imp` | `_<` | implosive | + +## Vowels + +| | `fnt` | | `cnt` | | `bck` | | +|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| +| | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | `unr` | `rnd` | +| `hgh` | `i` | `y` | `1` | `}` | `M` | `u` | +| `smh` | `I` | `Y` | | | | `U` | +| `umd` | `e` | `2` | `@\` | `8` | `7` | `o` | +| `mid` | | | `@` | | | | +| `lmd` | `E` | `9` | `3` | `3\` | `V` | `O` | +| `sml` | `{` | | `6` | | | | +| `low` | `a` | `&` | | | `A` | `Q` | + +### Other Symbols + +| Symbol | Features | +|----------|-------------------------------| +| `` @` `` | `unr` `mid` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | +| `` 3` `` | `unr` `lmd` `cnt` `rzd` `vwl` | + +1. `` @` `` and `` 3` `` are not explicitly listed in X-SAMPA. The rhoticized + diacritic is specified instead. + +## Diacritics + +### Articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `lgl` | `◌_N` | linguolabial | +| `idt` | | interdental | +| | `◌_d` | dental | +| `apc` | `◌_a` | apical | +| `lmn` | `◌_m` | laminal | +| | `◌_+` | advanced | +| | `◌_-` | retracted | +| | `◌_"` | centralized | +| | | mid-centralized | +| | `◌_r` | raised | +| | `◌_l` | lowered | + +The articulations that do not have a corresponding feature name are recorded +using the features of their new location in the consonant or vowel charts, not +using the features of the base phoneme. + +### Phonation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `brv` | `◌_t` | breathy voice | +| `slv` | `◌_0` | slack voice | +| `stv` | `◌_v` | stiff voice | +| `crv` | `◌_k` | creaky voice | +| `glc` | `?_◌` | glottal closure | + +The IPA `_0` diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consonant +charts. Thus, when `_0` is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an +equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. + +### Rounding and Labialization + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|------------| +| `ptr` | `◌_w` | protruded | +| `cmp` | | compressed | + +1. The `{ptr}` (protruded) feature is described as labialized in X-SAMPA. + +The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following +symbols: + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|--------------| +| `mrd` | `◌_O` | more rounded | +| `lrd` | `◌_c` | less rounded | + +### Syllabicity + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------| +| `syl` | `◌=` | syllabic | +| `nsy` | `◌_^` | non-syllabic | + + +### Consonant Release + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|---------------------------------| +| `asp` | `◌_h` | aspirated | +| `nrs` | `◌_n` | nasal release | +| `lrs` | `◌_l` | lateral release | +| `unx` | `◌_}` | no audible release (unexploded) | + +### Co-articulation + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|---------------|----------------| +| `pzd` | `◌'`, `◌_j` | palatalized | +| `vzd` | `◌_G`, `◌_e` | velarized | +| `fzd` | `◌_?\`, `◌_e` | pharyngealized | +| `nzd` | `◌~`, `◌_~` | nasalized | +| `rzd` | `` ◌` `` | rhoticized | + +### Tongue Root + +The tongue root position can be specified using the following features: + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-----------------------| +| `atr` | `◌_A` | advanced tongue root | +| `rtr` | `◌_q` | retracted tongue root | + +## Suprasegmentals + +### Stress + +| Symbol | Name | +|--------|------------------| +| `"◌` | primary stress | +| `%◌` | secondary stress | + +### Length + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | +|---------|--------|-------------| +| `est` | `◌_X` | extra short | +| `hlg` | `◌:\` | half-long | +| `lng` | `◌:` | long | +| `elg` | `◌::` | extra long | + +1. The `::` symbol for `elg` is not listed in X-SAMPA, but is derived from the + transcription for `lng`. + +### Rhythm + +| Symbol | Name | +|--------|--------------------| +| `◌-\◌` | linking (no break) | + +### Tones + +| Symbol | Name | +|--------|-----------------| +| `◌_T` | extra high tone | +| `◌_H` | high tone | +| `◌_M` | mid tone | +| `◌_L` | low tone | +| `◌_B` | extra low tone | +| `!◌` | downstep | +| `^◌` | upstep | + +X-SAMPA additionally defines various symbols for contour tones that can be +defined from the composite tone marks. + +| Symbol | Composite | Name | +|---------|-----------|------------------------| +| `◌_R` | `◌_B_T` | rising contour | +| `◌_F` | `◌_T_B` | falling contour | +| `◌_R_F` | `◌_M_H_M` | rising-falling contour | + +### Intonation + +| Symbol | Name | +|--------|-----------------| +| `` | global rise | +| `` | global fall | + +## References + +1. Wells, John C., + [Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm) (HTML). + Revised . + +2. Wells, John C., + [Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf) (PDF). + Revised . + +3. Wells, John C., + [SAMPA - computer readable phonetic alphabet](http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/index.html). + Revised . +