diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index 343d063f..30ead8ae 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -12,13 +12,12 @@ - [Place of Articulation](#place-of-articulation) - [Active Articulators](#active-articulators) - [Passive Articulators](#passive-articulators) + - [Rounding and Labialization](#rounding-and-labialization) - [Consonants](#consonants) - - [Co-articulation](#co-articulation) - [Manner of Articulation](#manner-of-articulation) - [Vowels](#vowels-1) - [Height](#height) - [Backness](#backness) - - [Rounding](#rounding) - [Diacritics](#diacritics) - [Syllabicity](#syllabicity) - [Consonant Release](#consonant-release) @@ -353,12 +352,15 @@ Symbols to the left have a `vls` phonation, and to the right have `mdv` phonatio ### Other Symbols -| Symbol | Features | -|--------|-------------------------| -| ʍ | `vls` `lbv` `apr` | -| w | `mdv` `lbv` `apr` | -| ɥ | `mdv` `lbp` `apr` | -| ɧ | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | +| Symbol | Alternative | Features | +|--------|-------------|-------------------------| +| ʍ | ɰ̊ʷ | `vls` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | +| w | ɰʷ | `mdv` `vel` `ptr` `apr` | +| ɥ | jʷ | `mdv` `pal` `ptr` `apr` | +| ɧ | | `vls` `vzd` `pla` `frc` | +| k͡p | | `vls` `lbv` `stp` | +| ɡ͡b | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | +| ŋ͡m | | `mdv` `lbv` `stp` | ### Vowels @@ -465,20 +467,21 @@ The place of articulation is described in terms of an active articulator and one or more passive articulators\[9\]. The possible places of articulation are: -| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Passive | -|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|---------| -| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | -| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | `utt` | -| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | `utt` | -| alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | `alf` | -| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | `alb` | -| retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | `hpl` | -| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | `alb` | -| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | `hpl` | -| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | `spl` | -| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | `uvu` | -| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | `prx` | -| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | `gts` | +| Place of Articulation | Feature | Symbol | Active | Lips | Passive | +|-----------------------|-----------|--------|--------|-------|---------| +| bilabial | `blb` | | `lbl` | `ulp` | | +| labiodental | `lbd` | ◌̪ | `lbl` | | `utt` | +| dental | `dnt` | ◌̪ | `apc` | | `utt` | +| alveolar | `alv` | | `apc` | | `alf` | +| palato-alveolar | `pla` | | `lmn` | | `alb` | +| retroflex | `rfx` | | `sac` | | `hpl` | +| alveolo-palatal | `alp` | | `dsl` | | `alb` | +| palatal | `pal` | | `dsl` | | `hpl` | +| velar | `vel` | | `dsl` | | `spl` | +| labio-velar | `lbv` | | `dsl` | `ulp` | `spl` | +| uvular | `uvl` | | `dsl` | | `uvu` | +| pharyngeal | `phr` | | `rdl` | | `prx` | +| glottal | `glt` | | `lyx` | | `gts` | The features for these places of articulation are provided for convenience, and to make it easier to describe the IPA consonants. Internally, the active and @@ -517,15 +520,22 @@ consonants, but Wikipedia does not. This model uses the Wikipedia descriptions. | `egs` | epiglottis | | `gts` | glottis | +### Rounding and Labialization + +| Feature | Symbol | Name | Rounded | Position | +|---------|--------|------------|---------|-----------------------------------------| +| `unr` | | unrounded | No | Close to the jaw. | +| `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | Yes | Protrude outward from the jaw. | +| `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | Yes | Close to the jaw. | +| `rnd` | | rounded | Yes | `ptr` if `bck` or `cnt`; `cmp` if `fnt` | + +The `unr` and `rnd` features are used for vowels to describe their default +labialization. Consonants are `unr` by default, and can use the ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ and ◌ᵝ +annotations to specify the type of labialization. Vowels can use these to +change their labialization from the default one specified by `rnd`. + ### Consonants -#### Co-articulation - -| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | -|---------|-------------|-----------------| -| `lbv` | `lbv` | labial-velar | -| `lbp` | | labial-palatal | - #### Manner of Articulation | Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | @@ -575,13 +585,6 @@ __NOTE:__ `sib` is not used in the IPA charts. | `cnt` | `cnt` | center | | `bck` | `bck` | back | -#### Rounding - -| Feature | Kirshenbaum | Name | -|---------|-------------|-----------------| -| `unr` | `unr` | unrounded | -| `rnd` | `rnd` | rounded | - ### Diacritics #### Syllabicity @@ -662,7 +665,6 @@ diacritics. |---------|-------------|-----|-----------------| | `mrd` | | ◌̹ | more rounded | | `lrd` | | ◌̜ | less rounded | -| `lzd` | `lzd` | ◌ʷ | labialized or labio-velarized | | `pzd` | `pzd` | ◌ʲ | palatalized | | `vzd` | `vzd` | ◌ˠ | velarized | | `fzd` | `fzd` | ◌ˤ | pharyngealized |