From 7885f065831f16b5dc1881f19efb5aa329bbc3dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 11 Mar 2018 12:43:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/5] docs: describe the Scottish English lexical sets in en.md. --- docs/languages/gmw/en.md | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md index b80405ff..f4346ad8 100644 --- a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md +++ b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md @@ -13,10 +13,23 @@ The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical Sets\[1\]. These were created by Wells in 1982 by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American -(GenAm) accents in use at that time. +(GenAm) accents in use at that time. The following accents are supported by +eSpeak NG and are referenced in this document: -The `en` transcriptions listed below are the phonemes used by eSpeak NG to -transcribe the different lexical sets. +| BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | +|----------------|--------------|------------------------| +| en | | British English | +| en-029 | | Caribbean | +| en-GB-scotland | ScE | Scottish English | +| en-GB-x-gbclan | | Lancastrian | +| en-GB-x-gbcwmd | | West Midlands | +| en-GB-x-rp | RP | Received Pronunciation | +| en-US | GenAm | General American | + +The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the +espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the lexical set tables below +for the IPA transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the +eSpeak NG phoneme names. ## Short Vowels @@ -56,6 +69,14 @@ when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. __NOTE:__ `/i@3/` is used for the NEAR lexical set to differentiate it from `/i@/` used in words like `million`. +Additionally, espeak-ng has the following phonemes for different accents: + +| Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | ScE | +|-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------| +| NURSE | `3:` | `VR` | ɜː | ʌɾ | +| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | +| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | + ## Reduced Vowels These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. @@ -111,3 +132,7 @@ merged with the other. 1. Wikipedia. [Lexical set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_set). 2017. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). + +2. Wikipedia. + [IPA chart for English dialects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects). + 2018. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). From 38a226859acc86cc5650cbebf1dca7543ffd4859 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 11 Mar 2018 12:44:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/5] docs: align the lexical set tables in en.md for vim. --- docs/languages/gmw/en.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md index f4346ad8..16001a37 100644 --- a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md +++ b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md @@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. | START | `A@` | ɑː | ɑɹ | | NORTH | `O@` | ɔː | ɔɹ | | FORCE | `o@` | ɔː | oɹ | -| CURE | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | -| NEAR | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | -| SQUARE | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | +| CURE | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | +| NEAR | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | +| SQUARE | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | __NOTE:__ `/i@3/` is used for the NEAR lexical set to differentiate it from `/i@/` used in words like `million`. @@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ rhyme. | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |-------------|-------|-------|-------| -| FACE | `eI` | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | -| PRICE | `aI` | aɪ̯ | aɪ̯ | -| CHOICE | `OI` | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | -| GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | -| MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | +| FACE | `eI` | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | +| PRICE | `aI` | aɪ̯ | aɪ̯ | +| CHOICE | `OI` | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | +| GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | +| MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | ## Split Vowels From 28edb446e6c776ae3f06bf88030d057f91f10da2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 11 Mar 2018 12:50:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 3/5] docs: group the vowel sections in en.md under a general 'vowels' section. --- docs/languages/gmw/en.md | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md index 16001a37..427a20d9 100644 --- a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md +++ b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md @@ -1,20 +1,18 @@ # English -- [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) -- [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) -- [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) -- [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) -- [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) -- [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) +- [Vowels](#vowels) + - [Short Vowels](#short-vowels) + - [Long Vowels](#long-vowels) + - [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) + - [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) + - [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) + - [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) - [References](#references) ---------- -The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical -Sets\[1\]. These were created by Wells in 1982 -by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American -(GenAm) accents in use at that time. The following accents are supported by -eSpeak NG and are referenced in this document: +The following English accents are supported by eSpeak NG and are referenced in +this document: | BCP47 | Abbreviation | Accent Name | |----------------|--------------|------------------------| @@ -27,11 +25,18 @@ eSpeak NG and are referenced in this document: | en-US | GenAm | General American | The BCP47 name is the standard language identifier for the accent, used as the -espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the lexical set tables below -for the IPA transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the -eSpeak NG phoneme names. +espeak language name. The Abbreviation is used in the tables below for the IPA +transcriptions of that accent, and the BCP47 names are used for the eSpeak NG +phoneme names. -## Short Vowels +## Vowels + +The English language support uses a vowel system based on John Wells' Lexical +Sets\[1\]. These were created by Wells in 1982 +by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American +(GenAm) accents in use at that time. + +### Short Vowels | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |-------------|-------|-------|-------| @@ -42,7 +47,7 @@ eSpeak NG phoneme names. | STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | | FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | -## Long Vowels +### Long Vowels | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |-------------|-------|-------|-------| @@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ eSpeak NG phoneme names. | THOUGHT | `O:` | ɔː | ɔ | | GOOSE | `u:` | uː | u | -## Rhotic Vowels +### Rhotic Vowels These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. @@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ Additionally, espeak-ng has the following phonemes for different accents: | TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | | BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | -## Reduced Vowels +### Reduced Vowels These are unstressed vowels that differ from the vowels in the main lexical sets. @@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ The RABBIT lexical set is used for unstressed KIT vowels. Some American accents have merged this with the COMMA lexical set, such that `rabbit` and `abbot` rhyme. -## Diphthongs +### Diphthongs | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | |-------------|-------|-------|-------| @@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ rhyme. | GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | | MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | -## Split Vowels +### Split Vowels These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and From b39ef7aca4b33192783dbfff04598a08a81a756f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 11 Mar 2018 13:15:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 4/5] docs (en.md): document the Scottish NURSE vowel in the main rhotic vowel lexical set table. --- docs/languages/gmw/en.md | 27 +++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md index 427a20d9..ae0f5620 100644 --- a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md +++ b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md @@ -61,26 +61,25 @@ by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American These are vowels that are followed by an `r` that is not part of the next syllable when considering the root form of the word containing that vowel. -| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | -|-------------|-------|-------|-------| -| NURSE | `3:` | ɜː | ɝ | -| START | `A@` | ɑː | ɑɹ | -| NORTH | `O@` | ɔː | ɔɹ | -| FORCE | `o@` | ɔː | oɹ | -| CURE | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | -| NEAR | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | -| SQUARE | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | +| Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | GenAm | ScE | +|-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------|-------| +| NURSE | `3:` | `VR` | ɜː | ɝ | ʌɾ | +| START | `A@` | `A@` | ɑː | ɑɹ | ɐ̟ɾ | +| NORTH | `O@` | `O@` | ɔː | ɔɹ | ɔɾ | +| FORCE | `o@` | `o@` | ɔː | oɹ | oɾ | +| CURE | `U@` | `U@` | ʊə̯ | ʊɹ | ʉɾ | +| NEAR | `i@3` | `i@3` | ɪə̯ | ɪɹ | iɾ | +| SQUARE | `e@` | `e@` | eə̯ | ɛɹ | eɾ | __NOTE:__ `/i@3/` is used for the NEAR lexical set to differentiate it from `/i@/` used in words like `million`. Additionally, espeak-ng has the following phonemes for different accents: -| Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | ScE | -|-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------| -| NURSE | `3:` | `VR` | ɜː | ʌɾ | -| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɛɾ | -| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɪɾ | +| Lexical Set | en | en-GB-scotland | RP | GenAm | ScE | +|-------------|-------|----------------|-------|-------|-------| +| TERM | `3:` | `3:` | ɜː | ɝ | ɛɾ | +| BIRD | `3:` | `IR` | ɜː | ɝ | ɪɾ | ### Reduced Vowels From 181ae49c81ab3f96ef5440432e0cf572cbbaddac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Reece H. Dunn" Date: Sun, 11 Mar 2018 13:26:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 5/5] docs (en.md): move the split vowels section into the short vowels section. --- docs/languages/gmw/en.md | 20 ++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md index ae0f5620..162bc37b 100644 --- a/docs/languages/gmw/en.md +++ b/docs/languages/gmw/en.md @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ - [Rhotic Vowels](#rhotic-vowels) - [Reduced Vowels](#reduced-vowels) - [Diphthongs](#diphthongs) - - [Split Vowels](#split-vowels) - [References](#references) ---------- @@ -47,6 +46,14 @@ by comparing the Received Pronunciation British (RP) and General American | STRUT | `V` | ʌ | ʌ | | FOOT | `U` | ʊ | ʊ | +Additionally, Wells defines the following lexical sets to describe vowels that +are different in both RP and GenAm: + +| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | +|-------------|-------|-------|-------| +| BATH | `aa` | ɑː | æ | +| CLOTH | `O2` | ɒ | ɔ | + ### Long Vowels | Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | @@ -120,17 +127,6 @@ rhyme. | GOAT | `oU` | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | | MOUTH | `aU` | aʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | -### Split Vowels - -These are lexical sets defined by John Wells that are merged with other lexical -sets in both RP and GenAm, so have split from one of those lexical sets and -merged with the other. - -| Lexical Set | en | RP | GenAm | -|-------------|-------|-------|-------| -| BATH | `aa` | ɑː | æ | -| CLOTH | `O2` | ɒ | ɔ | - ## References 1. Wikipedia.