diff --git a/docs/phonemes.md b/docs/phonemes.md index 4c78aff9..367e21f5 100644 --- a/docs/phonemes.md +++ b/docs/phonemes.md @@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ world. The origin column is used to describe where the feature originated from: 1. `espeak-ng` -- The features originate from the eSpeak NG Text-to-Speech program, and are defined in this document. +Not all the Cainteoir Text-to-Speech phoneme features are listed here, only +the ones that are relevant to eSpeak NG. + The goal of this document is not to provide a detailed guide on phonetics. Nor is it intended to be able to accurately record differences in IPA diacritics. Instead, it is designed to be a transcription guide for authors of espeak-ng @@ -122,14 +125,24 @@ The `vwl` phonemes are described using vowel height and backness features, while consonants (the other manners of articulation) are described using place of articulation features. -Additionally, the manner of articulation can be refined using the following -features: +__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum defines an `orl` (oral) feature which is not +used. From context, it looks like `{orl,stp}` was indended to be used for +plosives, and `{nas,stp}` for nasals. That feature is not defined in this +document, but is defined in the [phoneme model](phoneme_model.md). + +The manner of articulation can be refined using the following features: | Feature | Name | Origin | |---------|----------|---------------| | `lat` | lateral | `kirshenbaum` | | `sib` | sibilant | `cainteoir` | +__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum defines a `ctl` (central) feature which is not +used. From context, it looks like it was intended to explicitly annotate +consonants as having a central release, similar to how the `lat` feature +is used for lateral release. As consonants are implicitly central, the +`ctl` feature is not needed and as such is not defined in this document. + ### Place of Articulation | Feature | Name | Origin | @@ -260,6 +273,10 @@ The IPA ◌̥ diacritic is also used to fill the `vls` spaces in the IPA consona charts. Thus, when ◌̥ is used with a `vcd` consonant that does not have an equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. +__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum uses the `mrm` (murmured) feature for breathy voice, +using it for `[ɦ]` instead of `vcd`, following the way the phoneme is pronounced +instead of how it is annotated on the IPA chart. + ### Rounding and Labialization | Feature | Symbol | Name | Origin | @@ -267,6 +284,8 @@ equivalent `vls` consonant, the resulting consonant is `vls`, not `slv`. | `ptr` | ◌ʷ, ◌ᶣ | protruded | `espeak-ng` | | `cmp` | ◌ᵝ | compressed | `espeak-ng` | +__NOTE:__ Evan Kirshenbaum uses the `lzd` (labialized) feature for protruded. + The degree of rounding/labialization can be specified using the following features: